McDonaldization: The Dehumanization of Workers Essay -- Argumentative

McDonaldization The Dehumanization of WorkersMcDonaldization is becoming the new wave of job types where workers are being deskilled, dehumanized and exploited. Machines are victorious over tasks which the employees used to do such as bank machines (interact). The McDonaldized jobs now instead of making the employee do every last(predicate) the work they have the customer operative too, for example when the customer cleans up after eating. These jobs are becoming less interactive and personal because workers are becoming dehumanized and only allowed to follow a script, there is also the fact that fast food Companys use drive through, where limited interaction occurs and are many restrictions. These types of jobs which the author George Ritzer labelled McJobs are run by organizational principals such as efficiency, uniformity, predictability and control.The fast-food industry accounts for 40 percent of people employed in the restaurant business (of all types), of an approximate 6 million workers. The author gives evidence to show how fast-food highly depends on teenagers to work because the statistics are, about 70 percent of the workers are twenty years old and under, this was most likely their first type of job. This industry is mainly part time employees whose average work week consists of 29.5 hours. The rates of staff changes are quite regular, only about more than 50 percent stay for longer than a year. These jobs are mainly filled by start classes and excessive amounts of mino...

I Disagree with Nietzsche, We Should Embrace Life, Not Destroy It Essay

I Disagree with Nietzsche, We Should Embrace Life, Not Destroy It Admittedly, the philosophy of the slowly nineteenth century German Friederich Nietzsche had a profound impact on my world view. I concur with his belief that pityings should occupy themselves with living in the reality that is, and not to be preoccupied with fantastic illusions of working towards a great after biography. Granted, I am still very young, but from what I enkindle see, humans receive no universal nature nor do any set of underlying human morals dictate what is right and wrong. And as a great deal as sight would like to believe, unfortunately, we do not have free will. Every action carries the weight of a punishment or reward, so in essence, people do things either in fear or in hope of attaining one of these outcomes, therefore, humans do not have free will. So, whence what is the meaning of lifespan? To live each day as if it is heaven itself is all anyone can really do accepting and embracing the reality of your life is the source of meaning. Whether God exists or not is irrelevant, the only thing that is within the control of humans is the power to embrace life. As 1950s Beat poet Allen Ginsburg stressed, people should be concerned with living in and inhabiting the human form. Living means to not let outside forces take away your pursuit of life, once this relish for life is taken, you are simply existing, waiting to die. To understand this position on life, take the following hypothetical situation. A woman has a terminal distemper in one year she will be dead. But she does have two options, she can simply live out the year in a hospital bed, weak and sickly from her disease, and die in one year. Or, the alternative choice is that she can take a pill which will... ...e. Because what we choose in life determines the degree to which we live. And at the very core of every person lies the drive to live. As humans with a high degree of cognitive intelligence, we are a part of nature, not above it our high intellect should serve as a tool to understand this fact. To Nietzsche, humans must destroy everything, so that a new and more pure humanity centered on life can rise. I do agree that we must abandon the traditional illusions that have prevented humans from embracing life, but living in pursuit of destruction is not necessarily the answer. I believe that we must not let human made and human imposed notions of right or wrong control how we live, but living for the sake of destruction is not living. We must live to watch an inner and individual satisfaction. Therefore, all life choices should be made with the intent of embracing life.

Galileo: A Man on a Mission :: History

Galileo A Man on a MissionIn 1632, Galileo Galilei incommodeed his apply Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief knowledge domain trunks. As innocent as this may seem, the implications that were associated with the publishing of the book were soon evident. In the clock time prior to the publishing of the book, Galileo had been warned several times not to publish it by the Catholic church service. The book was a fictitious dialogue between three men, whose purpose was to discuss two theories of Planetary Motion. The theory that Galileo was advocating was considered by the Church to be heretical, and he was told several times that publishing the book would have dire consequences. His pride, his impulsive nature, his arrogance, and his love for science influenced Galileos decision. Galileo was a scientific genius, but he was also a human. He was too proud to compromise his beliefs under any circumstances. Before we piece of tail analyze this decision, we must understand exactly what th e book contained. The idea behind the book was to demonstrate the superiority and validity of the Copernican model of the Solar System versus the Ptolemaic model of the Solar System. The Ptolemaic System was a model of the Solar System in which the planets, the sun, and all other objects in the universe cast around the Earth. This system was supported by Aristotle and coincided with hallowed Scripture, and therefore, was supported by the Church. On the other hand, the Copernican model of the Solar system was the basis for the system we use today. It stated that all objects in the universe, including the Earth, revolve around the sun. This idea was what caused problems with the Church. The theory that the Earth was not the center of the universe directly contradicted Holy Scripture. This was the foundation on which the Church based its threats against Galileo. Before we can truly understand the magnitude of this decision, we must also first comprehend the climate of the times in wh ich his book was published. Europe was in the midst of a break from the old method of thinking to a new, increasingly scientific method of viewing the world and society. Until this time, Europe had been in what we call the Age of Faith. This time period was characterized by a strong belief in the Church and religion. Although still a major force in the lives of the people, religion and philosophy were on a steady decline since the start of the Renaissance when the Age of Exploration began.

The Runaway Pilgrim Point essay :: essays research papers

In the poem, The Runaway Slave at Pilgrims oral sex by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Browning based the poem on past experience due to the fact her family had owned slaves in Jamaica for several generations. Once these slaves were set free in 1833 sixteen years later abolitionist repudiated the unjust- power of the white slave owners. ( Stephenson, 43). With Browning rejection of her once slave owning fathers irrational authority to bend his children to marry and leave home, this poem empowered the rage she had suppressed by years.Foremost, The Runaway Slave at Pilgrims Point is a dramatic monologue in ballad form. The speaker is a young colour slave woman who has escaped from the plantation the day before her narrative begins and has to run to Pilgrims Point where exile turned to ancestors ( Cooper, 43). Browning breaks the story into three parts. The first two parts the speaker dresses to the pilgrims soul at pilgrim point, (those who first come to the America as a and of freed om). In the last part of the poem the speaker addresses the hunter sons of the original pilgrims who have perused her to stone her to death (Cooper 44).Furthermore, the opening I stand sets e assertive tone in the poem. The speaker never falters in presenting the complexity of her situation, as a woman, a raw person, and a slave. The tone set at the beginning also aid the audience to recognize that the speaker in the white mans violent system is divided by women, and black by whites. The slave employs metaphors, which Barrett use to dramatized imprisonment behind a dark skin in a world where Gods work of creating black people has been cast away. To further illustrate this she described the bird as little dark bird, she also describes the frogs and bombards as dark frogs and dark stream ripple Through the use of her diction she convey to readers that in the natural world unlike the human one, there is no dark with bad and weakly with good, and no discrimination between black an d white people.In essence, Elizabeth Barrett Browning dramatic monologue proved a powerful medium for Barrett Browning. Taking her choose to produce a public poem about slavery to her own developing poetics, Barrett Browning include rape and infanticide into the slaves denunciation of patriarchy. She matt-up bound by womens silence concerning their bodies and the belief that a mans private life was beyond the pale of political scrutiny (Cooper, 46).

Bilingual Education Essay -- Teaching Education

Bilingual Education Our school systems play host to dozens of languages in addition to the measuring rod fare of English. Starting in the late 1960s, partially as a swing off the Civil Rights Movement, school systems were required by law to ply bilingual education anytime twenty or more children spoke the same foreign language, and were found to be limited in their English proficiency. At first, the engage for such programs was small, but over time it has been steadily increasing until now where the need has reached what many consider to be massive. In recent years, the population of the unify States has exploded with many non-English speaking bookmans, making the need for bilingual education more urgent. Although this amount is growing yearly, it is inadequate to provide the much needed commission for this special subset of children. Bilingual education is a must if children are to provide in the academic environment and in becoming productive adults. Numerous rese archers suck up reported a correlation between a students world experience and their level of reading comprehension. Often times stories and reading corporal are written from a largely white perspective and this results in less overall comprehension and poor reading scores especially for the hold in English Proficient student. Bilingual programs allow such children the opportunity to become acquainted with the concepts first in their own language and then in the preponderating language of this country, English. Linguists have found that the strongest way to learn a language is to have a strong base in ones native language. A child who has learned to write and read in the native language will build strong language skills. Statistics show that that the average language-minority child who is not given bilingual education is more likely to be held back one or more years in their elementary school education, and there is a direct correlation between the dropout rate, and non-receipt of bilingual education. As with practically any academic pursuit, a students success or failure in reading comprehension is highly dependent it seems on their cultural background. On the language in which classroom materials are both written and spoken in, the students proficiency in both their first and second languages, and on the cultural content of the classroom materials. Likewise, a students ... ... the ability to choose, only if as everyone else has. To conclude, language goes hand-in-hand with assimilation, and a students success in learning a new language is directly dependent on their willingness to fix on new cultural behaviors. A student who is well grounded in his or her own native language is much more likely to succeed in a largely English-speaking academic environment. Bilingual education programs give the student the opportunity, and the desire to become acquainted with a new culture and a new language. This makes them much more likely to succeed acad emically once they are out of school, and have taken their places as adults in society.Bibliography full treatment CitedAnzaldua,Gloria. How To Tame A Wild Tongue. The Norton Reader.Eds. Peterson,Linda H., John C. Brereton, and Joan E. Hartman. New YorkNorton & Company, 2000. 537-542Rodriguez,Richard. Aria. The Norton Reader. Eds. Peterson, Linda H., John C. Brereton, and Joan E. Hartman. New YorkNorton & Company, 2000. 531-536Tannen,Deborah. Conversational Styles. The Norton Reader.Eds. Peterson, Linda H., John C.Brereton, and Joan E. Hartman. New YorkNorton & Company, 2000. 545-550

Bilingual Education Essay -- Teaching Education

Bilingual Education Our school systems play host to wads of speech communications in addition to the standard fare of English. Starting in the late 1960s, partially as a swing off the Civil Rights Movement, school systems were needed by law to give bilingual education anytime twenty or more children spoke the same foreign language, and were found to be limited in their English proficiency. At first, the need for such programs was small, but over time it has been steadily increasing until now where the need has reached what many consider to be massive. In recent years, the population of the United States has exploded with many non-English speaking scholarly persons, making the need for bilingual education more urgent. Although this amount is growing yearly, it is inadequate to provide the frequently needed instruction for this special subset of children. Bilingual education is a must if children are to succeed in the academic environment and in enough productive adults. Numerous researchers have reported a correlation between a students world experience and their level of interlingual rendition comprehension. a great deal times stories and reading material are written from a largely white perspective and this results in less overall comprehension and poor reading scores especially for the Limited English Proficient student. Bilingual programs allow such children the opportunity to become inform with the concepts first in their own language and then in the predominant language of this country, English. Linguists have found that the strongest way to learn a language is to have a strong base in ones native language. A child who has learned to write and read in the native language will build strong language skills. Statistics show that that the amount language-minority child who is not given bilingual education is more likely to be held back one or more years in their elemental school education, and there is a direct correlation between the dr opout rate, and non-receipt of bilingual education. As with practically any academic pursuit, a students triumph or failure in reading comprehension is highly dependent it seems on their cultural background. On the language in which classroom materials are two written and spoken in, the students proficiency in both their first and second languages, and on the cultural content of the classroom materials. Likewise, a students ... ... the ability to choose, just as everyone else has. To conclude, language goes hand-in-hand with culture, and a students success in learning a new language is instantaneously dependent on their willingness to take on new cultural behaviors. A student who is well grounded in his or her own native language is much more likely to succeed in a largely English-speaking academic environment. Bilingual education programs give the student the opportunity, and the desire to become acquainted with a new culture and a new language. This makes them much m ore likely to succeed academically once they are out of school, and have interpreted their places as adults in society.BibliographyWorks CitedAnzaldua,Gloria. How To Tame A Wild Tongue. The Norton Reader.Eds. Peterson,Linda H., John C. Brereton, and Joan E. Hartman. New YorkNorton & Company, 2000. 537-542Rodriguez,Richard. Aria. The Norton Reader. Eds. Peterson, Linda H., John C. Brereton, and Joan E. Hartman. New YorkNorton & Company, 2000. 531-536Tannen,Deborah. Conversational Styles. The Norton Reader.Eds. Peterson, Linda H., John C.Brereton, and Joan E. Hartman. New YorkNorton & Company, 2000. 545-550

Cultural Difference in Malaysia

What are cultural differences between Malaysia and other(a) countries? In general culture can define as a way of life and process of development of the personality, spirit, mind, and the human effort in a community or cluster. Culture can be understood as the creation of human community in various forms, whether tangible or intangible. Culture its very important beca engross it show the difference between societies to another(prenominal) society. The cultural features are obtained through a learning process, practices of sharing and cannot be separated from language. We cannot be denied that the Malaysian culture is very different compare to other countries.Malaysia is a multiracial country living in harmony compare to other countries. Among the three main races in Malaysia are Malays, Chinese and Indian. In addition, Malaysia is a homeland to approximately for 80 ethnic groups, especially in East Malaysia including Baba and Nyonya, Kadazan and Iban. The total of Malaysias populatio n is 28. 3 million of which 91. 8 % are subject citizens while 8. 2 % are non-citizen. Further more, indigenous race were 67. 4 %, of which 56. 4% are Malays ethnic and 11% of the other natives. Approximately, the total of Chinese ethnic in Malaysias population is 24. %, 7. 3% are Indian with a total of 1. 86 million people, while other race is 0. 7 %. Almost 85 % of Indians in Malaysia are Tamil community. In terms of organized religion, Islam is the official religion of the Government of Malaysia as subject under the Constitution and the most wide professed religion with the proportion of 61. 3 %. As multi-racial country, other religions are practiced are Buddhism, Christian and Hinduism. In terms of language, Bahasa Malaysia is the official language of the country. However, other races are allay to use their mother tongue like Chinese and Tamil.English an international language which play role as a second language in Malaysia and widely used in the fields of education, trade a nd industry. Malaysia national population practices are vary according to their own religion. According to the practice of Muslim believers is to pray pentad times a day, fasting during the month of Ramadan and eat kosher food. Muslim believers not allowed to drink alcohol, eat pork, do not eat the flesh of slaughtered animals, theft and committing sins. Buddhist faith practice is to remove their shoes before entering the temple and prostrate statue of Buddha.They are not allowed to kill all living beings, stealing, lying and drinking alcohol. Hindu people required to wash their feet before entering the temple, fasting, tying a banana tree during religious ceremonial occasion and wearing murky mark (pottu) in the middle of forehead for unmarried women, while for married women must wear red mark called as kum kum. Hindu believer do not allowed to drink alcohol, stealing , lying, give respect for parents and do not allowed to eat beef because according to their religion cows consi dered as gods. In addition, individually religious wedding ceremony is different.In Malay wedding ceremony, marriage contract and enthronement is very important practice that must be done because its a part of wedding. For Buddhist, both bride and groom usually get the blessing from the divine. They also practiced tea drinking custom in wedding ceremony that aims to strengthen family relationship. In Hindu wedding ceremony, the primary witness of marriage is the religious fire (agni). Both bride and groom need to turn around the sacred fire in circular motion for seven times. Malaysia culture is ground on Malay culture as the original people of this region.Malay culture based on Sharia law and Islamic principles. Malay cultural give more important to values and preferred politeness, simplicity and harmony among family members, neighbours and society. Example in general handshakes suffice for both men and women, although some Muslim ladies may acknowledge an introduction to a gent leman with a nod of her head and smile. The conventional come up toing of salam resembles a handshake with both hands but without the grasp. The man offers both hands, lightly touches the visitors outstretched hands, and then brings his hands to his chest to mean, I greet you from my heart.The visitor should reciprocate the salam. Furthermore, in Malaysia culture, the right hand is always used when giving and receiving objects like deliver or money. Pointing is normally done using the thumb as using the right forefinger is considered rude. Here is some general gift giving etiquette. In Malay culture, if invited someone home, dont ever give pig and dog toy to children and dont give any products that made from pig skin. White and yellow wrapping should be avoided because white symbolizes death and mourning while yellow symbolizes colour of royalty.In Chinese culture, if going to visit relative home, bring a small gift of stripe or fruits for children. Giving flower should be avoi ded because flower do not make good gift and usually used at funerals. likewise that, the gift should wrap with cheerful colour like red, pink or yellow except white, blue, or black because symbolizes mourning colours in Chinese culture. In Indian culture, the gift should be given with the right hand and not wrap the gift with white and black colour. In generally, the gift should not cleared when received to avoid people think you are greedy.The way names are used also varies between ethnicities. The Chinese people tralatitiously gather in 3 names. The surname is usually first name and two personal names. Example Wong Jae Suk. Malay people do not have surnames. Men use term bin, so Kamarul bin Mohamad is Kamarul the son of Mohamad. Instead women add their fathers name to their own name with the term binti. Indian people doesnt use surname. Men use s/o to refer themselves as the son of their father. Example Ajay s/o Abishek. Culture and communication depends on each other and hav e a reciprocal relationship.According to Hall, culture is communication, communication is culture. This indicates that communication is two-way. Different culture held different values. The way we communicate depens on our culture, rules and norms. For example, American usually treats and exchanged with unknown person. Meanwhile, The Malaysia does not prefer to treats or exchanged with stranger. This showed that Malaysia cultural and American cultural are totally different. Malaysia practices courteous communication. For Malay society, interact courteously very important and showed our values of norms.For example, using proper words when talk to someone older than us like Sir or Madam. Besides that, culture is also shown through verbal and non-verbal communication. Speak rude and negative words are prohibited. Malaysian traditional cultural games are batu seremban, wau, mah-jong and kabadi. Batu Seremban and Wau is Malay traditional games, Mahjong is Chinese traditional game, while Kabadi is Indian Traditional game. Batu Seremban also known as a Selambut. This game frequently played in unfilled time by girls, either individually or in groups. Its usually using glass marbels or small stones.Wau is known as increase and normally played by rural people. Wau created in various design and has its own name like wau in shape of brid, stingray, peacock and umpteen more in various colour. However, Mahjong played by four individual and it involves strategy, tactics, skill and calculation. In Asia, mah-jong is also popular as gambling. In kabadi, each aggroup consists of five players on the reserve bench and this game played for 20 minutes. A team will be sent forward to the opponents team, which aims to touch and push one of the players before turning back to his team.The players who have been touched by the opposing team will be out and left the field. From aspect of the traditional spring, the various customs and culture can be learned from various ethnic group s in Malaysia. Dance can be specify as a movement of the body, legs and arms to the beat of the music. The traditional dance has own purpose and tribes. Examples of traditional dance in Malaysia are gamelan, zapin, kathak, dragon dance, kathak, bharathanatyam and many more. Zapin dance is famous dance in the state of Johor and usually performed in both formal and informal events like wedding or opening ceremony.Kathak dance is one of the Indian classical dances which are originated from Kerala. Kathak means art of the storytelling. While, bharathanatyam its also Indian classical dance based on Indian epics in motion of dramatic and passionate. Amorous dragon dance is a traditional cultural dance in China. Lion dance and dragon dance often played on Chinese New Year. As a conclusion, this discussion showed dramatically that Malaysias cultural very different compare to other countries. Its more follow to the traditional, principle of the religion and give more important to norms, val ues and rules. I am very proud to be a Malaysian.

Economics Internal Assessment

Alison Nathanson Chapter 17 Internal Assessment http//www. nytimes. com/2010/04/05/business/media/05screen. html? scp=10&sq=movies&st=Search Branding Comes Early in Filmmaking Process By STEPHANIE CLIFFORD 717 words monopolistic Competition is a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical. It is a mixture between monopoly, which is a firm that is the sole seller of a product with reveal close substitutes, and perfect competition, which is a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a expenditure taker.The movie industry is monopolistically competitive as there are many firms competing for the alike group of customers, there is product differentiation, and throw overboard entry and exit. Anyone can make a movie, yet it is the differentiations of each that allow for moviegoers to decide which ones they pauperism to see, and therefore which ones will gross the most money. In the vast run , monopolistically competitive firms have zero profit equilibrium. picIf one movie is making a lot of money, much movies are put into theatres to try and even out competition, or if one company is producing a lot of movies, writers sell to other companies (new firms enter) and the bespeak curve shifts to the left. If no one is watching the movies, firms loose money and the demand curve shifts to the right. Due to these shifts, zero profit equilibrium occurs, as shown above, where terms equals average thorough cost. In movies today, and always, companies have made deals with movies in rder to be include in a film. This is all part of marketing, as for example companies think that if Brad Pitt is eating a Twix in a movie, the movie watchers are more likely to buy a Twix after the movie than to buy Snickers. The author stated that Now, having Campbells Soup or Chrysler associated with your project can be or so as important to your pitch as signing Tom Cruise. Having these name br ands with your movie also comes with a lot of added benefits.The writer and director of the film Up in the Air got the hotel mogul Hilton to sponsor his film for exchange of putting Hilton hotels in the movie. Thus, the movie got the added benefits from Hilton, such as the crew getting free lodging. In order to maximize profit, borderline revenue must equal marginal cost. If you look above, you can see that at this point on the graph (MR=MC) price exceeds marginal cost. This is because price equals average total cost, and the downward sloping demand curve makes it so that at the profit-maximizing quantity of MR=MC, price (atc) is greater than marginal cost.For example, the marginal cost to the company of lodging for the crew is taken care of through Hilton, yet there are other expenses that the company must get as well so that the average total cost is equal to the price and zero profit equilibrium occurs. The cost of movies is going up, and that really drives most everything, sa id Jack Epps. In monopolistic competition, the long run always has zero profit equilibrium. So, if one firm kept the price of movies low, then their price would be below average total cost and they would have losses.In order to have a profit, price must be above average total cost, yet in monopolistically competitive firms price equals average total cost so this is not possible in the long run. Unlike monopolies, monopolistically competitive firms do not have the ability to price discriminate, which is the business practice of selling the same exhaustively at different prices to different customers. They must charge the same price per movie to everyone. Therefore, they all need to produce where MR=MC in order to profit maximize, which actually creates zero profit equilibrium.The author stated that If you want to catch an executives attention right now, its not just selling the script, but youre showing them how to create a brand. plastic film producers want to have a name for the m, so that they will have an advantage over the many other firms out there. Due to the large come up of sellers, and free entry and exit, firms that are monopolistically competitive will do anything it takes to differentiate themselves to their competition lets just hope the differentiation produces some good film

Forms, Symptoms And Factors Of Breast Cancer

Breast shagcerous neoplastic affection is a distemper in which the create from raw stuffs of the vanity signifier evictcerous cancerous neoplastic unhealthiness cells. Normally the tubing which carry the take out to the mammilla ( canals ) and secretory organ ( lobules ) . It is plebeian in both work forces and adult females male dressing table cancerous neoplastic disease is r atomic number 18 although, it is considered a heterogenous disease differing by single, develop group, and up to now the sorts of cells within the tumor themselves.Types of Breast genus CancersDuctal Carcinoma it is the non-invasive pectus cancerous neoplastic disease, which starts in the cell line of the chest s canals, beneath the mammilla and areola. The canals supply draw to the mammilla. Between 85 % and 90 % of all chest cancerous neoplastic diseases are ductal.Lobular Carcinoma it begins in the lobes, or secretory organs which produce milk in the chest. These are located at botto m the chest, under the canals. About 8 % of chest malignant neoplastic diseases are lobularInflammatory Breast Cancer It is the least common, rapid signifier of chest malignant neoplastic disease, which can be progress about 1 % to 3 % to name. This chest will appears narcissistic and inflamed it causes by redness by taking the signifier of sheets or nests. It can get down in the soft tissues of the chest under the tegument, or it can look in the tegumentPaget s disease of the nipple/areola this malignant neoplastic disease appears as skin roseola on the mammilla or unsmooth tegument. It can be resembles as itchy. The marks of rubing and may be under the surface of the tegument. This will bespeak a brusque Ductal carcinoma in suit ( DCIS )Phases of Breast CancerPhase 0 is sometimes used to depict paranormal cells that are non invasive malignant neoplastic disease. For illustration, leg 0 is used for Ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS ) . DCIS is diagnosed when unnatural cells are in the liner of a chest canal, but the unnatural cells have non invaded nearby breast tissue or spread outside the canal. Although many physicians do nt see DCIS to be malignant neoplastic disease, DCIS sometimes becomes invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease if non treated.Phase I is an early phase of invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease. Cancer cells have invaded chest tissue beyond where the malignant neoplastic disease started, but the cells have non spread beyond the chest. The tumour is no more than than 2 centimeters ( three-fourthss of an inch ) across.Phase Two is one of the followersThe tumour is no more than 2 centimeters across. The malignant neoplastic disease has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm.The tumour is between 2 and 5 centimeters The malignant neoplastic disease has non spread to the lymph nodes under the arm.The tumour is larger than 5 centimeters.The malignant neoplastic disease has non spread to the lymph nodes under the arm.Phase Three i s locally advanced malignant neoplastic disease. It is divided intoPhase III A Breast Cancer-the tumour is larger than dickens centimeters but smaller than five centimeters ( about one to two inches ) and has spread to up to nine subsidiary underhand lymph nodes.Phase III B Breast Cancer- the malignant neoplastic disease has spread to tissues near the chest including the tegument, chest wall, ribs, musculuss, or lymph nodes in the chest wall or above the clavicle.Phase Four is distant metastatic malignant neoplastic disease. The malignant neoplastic disease has spread to other parts of the organic structure, such as the castanetss or liver.IncidenceHow common is breast malignant neoplastic diseaseAs per the carry in 2007, 45,700 adult females were victim of the chest malignant neoplastic disease. While in the same twelvemonth the work forces count goes to 277 were diagnosed.Incidence rate of chest malignant neoplastic disease in females around by 50 % over the last 20 five. Out of 10 eight of adult females 50 old ages of age were enduring from chest malignant neoplastic disease.Breast malignant neoplastic disease rates have change magnitude up to 5 % in last 10 old ages.National Health Service ( NHS ) testing broadcasts were conducted in that more than 16,000 instances found in UK in 2007/2008. Among that NHS testing programme claim to salvage 1,000 lives each twelvemonth.Throughout the universe around 1.38 million adult females were diagnosed with the chest malignant neoplastic disease. Incidence rate of chest malignant neoplastic disease were extremely considerable in western in Europe, as per low rates considerable in Africa and AsiaEuropeans brotherhood shows breast malignant neoplastic disease were diagnosed around 332,000 in the twelvemonth of 2008.12,000 adult females and 70 work forces were died from chest malignant neoplastic disease in 2008 in the UK. more than than half of 70 old ages of age are died from chest malignant neoplastic disease. Worl dwide 458,000 adult females are died from chest malignant neoplastic disease in 2008. It is the 2nd most common cause of decease of adult females after(prenominal) lung malignant neoplastic disease. In Europe brotherhood around 89,000 died from chest malignant neoplastic disease in 2008.Signs and SymptomsEarly chest malignant neoplastic disease normally does nt do symptoms but as the tumor grows, it can alter how the chest looks or feels. The common alterations include A ball or thickener in or near the chest or in the underhand country A alteration in the size or form of the chest Dimpling or rumpling in the tegument of the chest A mammilla turned inward into the chest Discharge ( fluid ) from the mammilla, particularly if it s bloodyMost symptoms of chest hoo-ha do non turn out to remain firm for implicit in chest malignant neoplastic disease. Benign chest diseases such as mastitis and fibro adenoma of the chest are more common causes of chest upset symptoms. The visual aspect of a new symptom should be taken earnestly by both patients and their physicians, because of the possibility of an implicit in chest malignant neoplastic disease at about any age.Hazard FactorsMany of the most of import hazard factors for chest malignant neoplastic disease are beyond your control, such as age, household history, and medical history. However, there are some hazard factors you can command, such as weight, carnal activity, and alcoholic drink ingestion.Age The hazard of acquiring chest malignant neoplastic disease increases as you get older. Most adult females are 60+ old ages old when they are diagnosed. personalized wellness history Having chest malignant neoplastic disease in one chest increases your hazard of acquiring malignant neoplastic disease in your other chest. Besides, holding certain personas of unnatural chest cells ( untypical hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ LCIS , or Ductal carcinoma in situ DCIS ) increases the hazard of invasive chest m alignant neoplastic disease. These conditions are found with a chest biopsy.Family wellness history Your hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease is higher if your female parent, male parent, sister, or girl had breast malignant neoplastic disease. The hazard is even higher if your household member had breast malignant neoplastic disease before age 50. Having other relations ( in either your female parent s or male parent s household ) with chest malignant neoplastic disease or ovarian malignant neoplastic disease may in addition increase your hazard.Hazard factors you can commandWeight Being overweight is associated with increased hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease, particularly for adult females after climacteric. Fat tissue is the organic structure s chief beginning of estrogens after climacteric, when the ovaries stop bring forthing the endocrine. Having more fat tissue means holding higher estrogens degrees, which can increase chest malignant neoplastic disease h azard. execution Evidence is turning that exercising can cut down chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard. The American Cancer Society recommends prosecuting in 45-60 proceedingss of physical exercising 5 or more yearss a hebdomad.Alcohol ingestion Surveies have shown that chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard additions with the sum of intoxicant a adult female drinks. Alcohol can restrict your liver s ability to command blood degrees of the endocrine estrogens, which in bend can increase hazard.Smoke Smoke is associated with a little addition in chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard.TreatmentWomans enduring with chest malignant neoplastic disease have many types of intervention options. The intervention options are best for one adult female may non be best for another.The intervention options areSurgeryRadiation therapy ductless gland therapyChemotherapyTargeted therapyAmong this Surgery and radiation therapy are types of local therapy. They remove or destroy malignant ne oplastic disease in the chest.Hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy are types of systemic therapy. The drug enters in to bloodstream and destruct or controls malignant neoplastic disease throughout the organic structure.The intervention that s make up for you depends chiefly on the phase of the malignant neoplastic disease, the consequences of the endocrine receptor trials, the consequence of the HER2/neu trial, and your general wellness.SurgeryPresents Surgery is the most common intervention for chest malignant neoplastic disease. It consist of 2 typesBreast-sparing operating theater This type of surgery is to take the malignant neoplastic disease but non the chest. It besides called breast-conserving surgery. It can be a lumpectomy or a segmental mastectomy. Sometimes an excisional biopsy is the lone surgery a adult female needs because the sawbones removed the whole ball.Mastectomy This type of surgery is to take the full chest ( or ) as much of the chest tissue a s possible. In some instances, a skin-sparing mastectomy may be an option. go on the sawbones removes every bit small tegument as possible. The sawbones normally removes one or more lymph nodes from under the arm to look into for malignant neoplastic disease cells. If malignant neoplastic disease cells are found in the lymph nodes, other malignant neoplastic disease interventions will be needed. ( For more about information about lymph node biopsy, you may take to hold breast Reconstruction. This is fictile surgery to reconstruct the form of the chest. It may be do at the same clip as the malignant neoplastic disease surgery or subsequently. In breast-sparing surgery, the sawbones removes the malignant neoplastic disease in the chest and some normal tissue around it.Radiation TherapyIt besides called as radiation therapy it can be used to kill high-energy beams of malignant neoplastic disease cells. It affects cells merely in the portion of the organic structure that is treated. T hese are 2 typesExternal radiation therapy in this therapy radiation comes from a big work outside the organic structure. A intervention is normally 5 yearss a hebdomad for 4 to 6 hebdomads. External radiation is the most common type used for chest malignant neoplastic disease.Internal radiation therapy ( implant radiation therapy or brachytherapy ) . The physician places one or more thin tubings inside the chest through a bantam scratch. A radioactive bone marrow is loaded into the tubing. The intervention session may last for a few proceedingss, and the substance is removed. When it s removed, no radiation remains in your organic structure.Side effects chiefly depend on the dosage and type of radiation. It s common for the tegument in the treated country to go ruddy, dry, stamp, and itchy. Your chest may experience heavy and tight. Internal radiation therapy may do your chest flavor red or bruisedHormone Therapy It may besides name anti-hormone intervention. If laboratory trial s show that the tumour in your chest has hormone receptors, so hormone therapy may be an option. Hormone therapy supports malignant neoplastic disease cells from acquiring or utilizing the natural endocrines ( estrogen and Lipo-Lutin ) they need to turn.Chemotherapy In Chemotherapy we have to utilizations drugs to kill malignant neoplastic disease cells. The drugs that are treated in chest malignant neoplastic disease are normally given through a nervure ( endovenous ) . The side effects depend chiefly on which drugs are given and how much. Chemotherapy kills aggressive malignant neoplastic disease cells, but the drugs can besides harm normal cells that divide quickly. They are blood cells, cell in hair roots, cells in the digestive path.Targeted Therapy In Some adult females with breast malignant neoplastic disease may have drugs called targeted therapy. These drugs can barricade the growing of chest malignant neoplastic disease cells. For illustration, targeted therapy may barric ade the action of an unnatural protein which stimulates the growing of chest malignant neoplastic disease cells.ClassActionExamplesSERMs ( selective estrogen-receptor modulators )Bind to estrogen receptors in chest malignant neoplastic disease cells, hungering malignant neoplastic disease cellsEstrogen antagonistEvista ( raloxifene )Fareston ( toremifene )Aromatase inhibitorsIt stops the production of estrogen in adrenal secretory organArmasin ( exemestane )Femera ( cletrozole )Arimidex ( ahastrozole )Biologic response qualifierIt binds the protein on chest malignant neoplastic disease cells and prevents their growingHerceptin ( megestrol )Other hormonal therapiesBreast malignant neoplastic disease dependant on estrogen for endurance treated on other hormonal therapyzoladex ( goserelin ethanoate )Faslodex ( fulvestrant )

Individual Asset Allocation Exercise Essay

Group 2Questions for Individual summation Allocation Exercise1. Allocate your fictional $1,000,000 among the following three asset categoriesAssetU.S. EquitiesU.S. 30-Year Treasury BondsCashTotalAllocation45%35%20%100%Justify your allocation based on your outlook for systematic essay in the U.S. economy over the next year.Based on GDP, there is an expected growth in rates for the following quarter, though it may non be a dramatic one. Rates have been fluctuating within about a 1-2% range in the previous quarters following 2010. drop in packs would be logical when there is a growth since more business activities will be carried out, thus translating into higher corporate profits. However, a evolution GDP may put the economy at risk of inflation.GDP may be growing cod to consumer say-so, which too seems to be steadily growing. Consumer confidence shows that consumers are more likely to spend and invest in the economy, which will help to boost it. This is good for memory boards since a growing GDP will guide in healthy corporate profits andhigher stock prices.Consumers may be more adequate to spend and invest in the economy due to a fall in jobless claims. This means there are more people working so less people are register for unemployment insurance, thus an improving labor grocery store. Since more people have jobs there is more spending within the economy, which translates into a healthier economy overall. However, too particular jobless claims may have a negative impact on the economy in that it may trigger wage inflation, which is bad news for the stock market. Businesses have to set out incentives like paying overtime or higher wages to attract employment, thus spending more in labor costs. The Federal Reserve tends to increase interest rates when wage inflation looks too threatening, which negatively affects both the stock and bond market.Due to the aforementioned market risks in the economy, it seems optimal to invest the largest segment (45 %) to US equities. The US seems to be thriving in a growing economy since the financial crisis, which is favorable to the stock market, since a healthy economy leads to an increase in equity prices, which thrives on growing corporate profits.It would then be optimal to allocate 35% to US 30 year treasury bonds, since bonds tend to be less risky than stocks. Bonds have a higher likelihood of receiving a return on the enthronization than stocks, which have a higher possibility of loss. However, bonds do have a lesser return on investment, thus as much profit wont be made compared to a stock thats doing well. However bonds tend to be safer, though at the same time are at a risk of being affected by inflation since the economy often walks a fine line between strong growth and ebullient growth in the economy.Finally, 20% should be kept as cash just to make sure that there is cash at hand in case of emergencies. Since there are risks associated with both the bond and stock market alike, as the economy grows and becomes in risk of inflation. Cash will be able to provide flexibility during times when the market is feeling pressured.

Globe Telecom Essay

I. INTRODUCTION existence telecommunication (PSE GLO), comm just now shortened as universe, is a major(ip) provider of telecommunications services in the Philippines. Formed out of a partnership between Ayala Corpo ration and Singapore telecommunication, the accompany operates bingle of the largest and most technologicall(a)y locomote agile, fixed line, and broadband nets in the country, and maintains a large distributor and over-the-air reload lucre of retailers, distributors, suppliers, and business partners nationwide. In 1928, Congress passed Act No. 3495 granting the Robert Dollar high society, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of California, a prerogative to operate wireless long-distance message services in the Philippines. The Robert Dollar Company subsequently incorporated in the Philippines as world Wireless Limited and in 1934, Congress passed Act No. 4150 transferring the franchise and privileges of the Robert Dollar Company to p ublic Wireless Limited. world Wireless Limited was subsequently renamed land Mackay C fitted and Radio Corporation.Congress, through Republic Act 4630 enacted in 1965, further aggrandizeed its franchise to allow it to operate international communications systems. humans Mackay Cable and Radio Corporation was closed in the Philippines by Martial law. Shortly before the way out of its franchise, the Batasan Pambansa in 1980 enacted Batas Pambansa 95 granting Globe Mackay Cable and Radio Corporation a refreshed franchise. In 2013 Globe telecommunication open its new corporate supply in Bonifacio ball-shaped City (BGC) (Formerly Located In Pioneer Highlands InMandaluyong City) last August 6, 2013. To mark its arrival in BGC, a part of the commercial hub (k right awayn as Bonificio High Street) was turned into an amusement park in August 24, 2013. As of December 2013, Globe Telecom has a total of 14,952 base send and 9,012 cell sites nationwide to support its 2G, 3G, 4G HSPA+, L TE and WiMAX services.The Globe Telecom Headquarters at32nd Street in Bonifacio Global City,Taguig City,II. STRATEGIC PLATFORMA. VisionGlobe is indispensable to peoples lives-We provide our customers with superior experience,We are center of excellence for innovation wolrdwide,We create a rewarding environment where people attempt for excellence and grow,We attract people who are innovative, passionate and result-oriented,We create superior value to our shareholdersWe make great things possible.B. MissionTransform the lives of people, businesses and communitiesthrough innovative solutions.STAKEHOLDER mesh METHODOLOGYa. SHAREHOLDERSAttr combat-ready Dividend Yield For ShareholdersGlobe Telecoms sustained revenue momentum and improved market position were reflected in the financial valuation metrics. The companys market capitalization remained relatively steady at 144.6 billion by the end of 2012. Globe likewise maintained an attr wide awake dividend tolerate of 5.8%. Globe paid dividends totaling 8.6 billion in 2012, representing a pay-out rate of 86% of 2011 core net income. This is consistent with its recently up fancyd dividend pay-out policy of distributing 75% to 90% of anterior years core net income. Continued Commitment To Creating Shared Value For All Stakeholders In addition to our commitment to ensure the sustainability of our core business, we delay to develop opportunities in adjacent spaces. In the area of mobile banking and microfinance, under BPI Globe BanKO Inc. (BanKO), (our mobile microfinance joint venture with Ayala Corporation and the Bank of the Philippine Islands) Globes mobile money platform and BPIs banking infrastructure combined to deliver affordable microfinance services to the unbanked segments of the population. Through 2012, BanKO has continued to expand its network of partner outlets, which today number 2,000. Its wholesale loan portfolio has grown to to a greater extent than 2.4 billion, spread across microfinance institu tions, including non-government organizations, ruralbanks, cooperatives and financing companies. Within two old age of operations, BanKO has gained over 261,000 retail customers and increase its retail loan portfolio nine-fold. Business Incubator curriculumAnother pioneering initiative by Globe is the launch of its business incubator political program through Kickstart Ventures, Inc. (Kickstart). Designed to support and develop the Philippines dynamic and growing technopreneur community, Kickstart is envisioned to provide aspiring technopreneurs with compulsory funds, facilities, infrastructure, mentorship and market access to build new businesses. By providing the tools needed to build and test ideas, by providing seed funding, and by providing training and mentorship as well as connecting technopreneurs with partner companies within the Globe, Singtel, and Ayala networks in the Philippines and abroad, Kickstart provides selected startups increased chances to succeed and scale faster. Since its launch last April 2012, Kickstart already has 10 companies in its portfolio covering the digital media and technology, and web/mobile platform space.b. EMPLOYEESA. Employment DiversityGlobe Telecom believes in the potential of the Filipino workforce. That is why the company welcomes every employee regardless of gender, age, religion or ethnicity. Any form of discrimination is never pleasing and embracing every unique worker is part of the companys philosophy. Currently, Globe employs close to 6,000 male and female workers from staff to senior management levels. The display board below shows the summary of the companys total workforce by employment type, contract and region.B. Employee RemunerationThe lowest actual salary of Globe Telecom employees covered by the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) is 15% above the minimum wage mandated by the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). As per ratio of basic salary, male employees have a slightly higher rate comp ared to female employees due to the varied responsibilities undertaken by male employees compared to female employees. however there is no discrimination for a accustomed excogitate profilebased on the gender. The variance in comparative salary is due to the varying job profile undertaken by male and female employees. a. Employee Benefitsb. Employee Health And arcticAffirming its commitment to quality health and safety practices in the workplace, Globe obtained an Occupational health and resort Management System (OhSAS) 18001 certification for the Valero Telepark. Steps are being undertaken for other Globe Telecom locations which aim to achieve the OhSAS certification. To strengthen ensure employee health and safety, the company employs a dedicated health and safety committee. 10.06% of the Globe workforce provides hands-on commitment on health and safety practices covering all areas nationwide in areas where Globe Telecom operates.For the year 2012, 5.04% employee accident ra te was recorded, mostly due to vehicle driving-related incidents. however, no fatalities causing death or permanent disability were recorded. In indian lodge to minify these incidents, the company conducts several trainings and awareness programs for the relevant employees, on safe driving and fuel economy. 1. Defensive Driving Course2. Construction Safety3. Confined Space Entry4. Electrical Safety5. Industrial First Aid and Basic Life Support6. Industrial Climbing, hauling & Rope admission priceGuaranteeing employee safety and security, qualified licensed security guards are hired by Globe to provide protection in case of uncontrolled forces. Globe ensures all security staff undergoes trainings every three years. This includes a two-day course on RA 5487 Private Security Agency Law which discusses professional conduct and ethical motive that must be performed by the security. Laws on arrests, searches, seizures, strike and lock-outs are in any case tackled. Furthermore, a one -day course on RA 9372 human Security Act of 2007 is to a fault undertaken, as well as a half-day course on Gender Sensitivity Awareness.C. Strategic ObjectivesA. PROFITABILITYB. PRODUCTIVITYC. COMPETITIVE POSITIONa. Faster and give away intercommunicateBusiness In 2011, in line with the vision of a differentiated customer experience, Globe shifted beyond the regular Customer Satisfaction wit and created the total customer experience, which would allow the company to engage not only its customers but also the employees and shareholders who are at the forefront of Globe Telecoms priorities. Faster customer service feedback was put in place truly making the customers satisfied with the improved modifications. The companys commercial transformation in the year 2012 focused on changing the very foundations of its back office systems, including the corporate support and internal processes. By allowing changes to ripple out from within, the customers and stakeholders could see aside the change in the faade and overall ambiance of its stores. The customers can actually experience the difference with each transaction and interaction in every Globe Store. The companys strength is its dynamism and boldness to change for its customers, employees and shareholders. In order to fully become a catalyst of change, Globe understands its need to be relentless in the quest for excellence and continuously transforming the company from within. In 2012, Globe continued with the transformation programs under the 5- anchor transformation plan which was started in 2011.b. NetworkAs an innovator in the telecommunications industry, a constant part of Globe Telecoms transformation includes the continuous reading of the network. Invested a total of $700M for its network modernization program which envisioned delivering faster and unparalleled customer experience in the country while positioning itself as the leader and one of the dress hattelecommunications providers in Asia. Peopl e have started to rely more and more on social networking to stay connected. Also, with the growing number of smartphone users, Globe saw the need to future-proof the network to accommodate the constant increase in network traffic especially on data.Phase 1 of the Network Transformation is the upgrading of the network systems access portion. The company replaced the old hardware and technology in its cellular sites, power sources, base stations and switches allowing the access portion to become more compelling and energy-efficient.At the end of 2012, Globe was able to modernize more than 80% of its cellular sites and upgrade its network system nationwide. Starting within the National jacket Region (NCR), Makati City, being the countrys premier business area, significantly benefitted from the network transformation. The network development coverage includes key locations of the city and are now enjoying stronger Globe signal. Aside from Makati, other areas such as Caloocan, Malabon , Navotas, Valenzuela (CAMANAVA), Marikina, Manila, San Juan and Mandaluyong were completed in the last quarter of 2012. Taguig, Pasig, Paranaque, Pasay, Las Pias and Pateros followed after.In the Visayas region, Cebu took the lead in equipment modernization. otherwise Visayan key provinces lined-up for the transformation are Leyte, Samar, Bohol, Iloilo and Roxas, consecutively. Meanwhile in the Mindanao region, the major modernization took place in Davao as well as in Zamboanga and Misamis Oriental. Improved mobile connectivity was achieved through the modernized facilities. Improvements for the province of Sulu, cities of Surigao and Butuan were carried out during the last quarter of 2012 and in Agusan del Sur by early 2013.In addition to the upgrades, Globe installed more resilient fiber optic cables in more areas to serve more customers and greatly improve voice and text messaging quality as well as provide faster internet services. An installation of a submarine cable in Bora cay was also completed and the same facility is being worked on in Palawan, which is due for completion during the first quarter of 2013.All in all, the nationwide improvements allowedclearer voice call quality, easier connection, on-time delivery of text messages and faster mobile surfing and downloading.Globe has successfully upgraded 4,000 cell sites to 4G LTE, hSPA+ and WIMAX providing better network experience to 91% of its customers. As the transformation program continues to take place in the year 2013, Globe would be able to provide greater network availability, impressive quality on voice calls, instantaneous delivery of SMS, improved call set-up rates and faster browsing with minimal buffering of multimedia content to every Filipino mobile user.D. EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENTGROW AT GLOBEGlobe continues to invest in its people through various(a) professional training and development activities. Globe follows a 70/20/10 Development Plan 70 % of the cultivation occurs on-the-job , 20% from others and 10% from black-tie training. The 70% on-the-job experience includes the regular employee tasks based on their office function. Others are their committee participation, customer immersion and job rotation. Meanwhile for the 20% tuition from others, the development comes through the coaching or mentoring of the immediate superiors and other colleagues. Job shadowing and observation also help as well as fellowship transfer from other professionals and consultants. Last but not least, the 10% formal training and learning is expanded through the offered training programs and courses offered by Globe. A. Integrated leadership Development designsa. iLeadGlobeiLeadGlobe aims to develop key talents into future leaders who role-model the Globe Way and practice the 7 Globe Leadership Competencies, namely, customer orientation, people orientation, personal values, entrepreneurial mindset, execution excellence, innovation and strategic thinking. The programs are all h ighly selective with eligibility criteria relevant to the participants that are handpicked by the Senior Leadership Team through a stringent talent refreshen and nomination process. The series of trainings include the Executive Development Program (for the next generation of seniorleaders), Fast Tracker Program (for the mid-career talents) and new-fangled Leaders Program (for emerging talents).b. University PartnershipsGlobe Telecom partnered with the Asian Institute of Management (AIM) and the Ateneo de Manila Center for Continuing fosterage and opened programs for the employees who are arouse to develop their leadership and management skills the Globe way. The series of trainings include the Globe-AIM Management Development Program (for managers who aspire to hone and apply management skills), Globe-Ateneo Empowering Leader program (for mid-career to seasoned career employee who has the potential of a Globe Leader) and the Globe-Ateneo Emerging Leader Program (for junior lead ers with the potential of evolving as a Globe Leader). To date, more training are being developed by Globe to ensure coverage and eligibility of all employees and grant them more learning and knowledge to future-proof their careers. Course descriptions for gross revenue and Marketing Academies are presently under development at the time of production of this report. c. Junior Mobile WizardThe Junior Mobile Wizard Program is a one-month summer program offered to Globe employees high school children, providing them the opportunity to better understand the Philippine telecommunications industry. Pioneered in 2012, 18 high school students conjugate the program to assist in selected Globe concept stores in Metro Manila. They were tasked to demo the latest gadgets and mobile data services, as well as contend other Globe offers and services. d. Graduate 2 GlobeGraduate 2 Globe (G2G) Program is a development program for high potential, future talents of Globe in partnership with top colle ges and universities. Activities include the Get-to- know-Globe (Company Orientation), Singtel Undergraduate Scholarship, Globe Summer Internship and Post Graduate Internship Program, Cadetship and Management Development Program. e. Customer First Circle (CFC) ProgramCustomer First Circle is a continuous improvement program that ultimatelyaims to foster and create a customer-centric culture within Globe. In order to achieve this, CFC uses the Lean Six Sigma Methodology as a vehicle to drive down cost, improve customer experience and increase revenue. To date there has been over a thousand employees participating actively with over a hundred suggests and billions of financial benefit.B. TECHNOLOGICAL LEADERSHIPC. PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITYGlobe Telecom continues to aspire growth in all facets of the business but at the same time in fully taking care of the planet. The efforts to minimize impacts persist through the environmental Management System being implemented in the workplace. The s ystem already began in 2011 for the Valero Telepark office as certified by the ISO 14001 (Environmental Management System) while certification of GT-IT Plaza in Cebu started in 2012 with completion in 2014. Such initiatives and environmental system in place contribute to a greener and more sustainable Globe Telecom. a. Environmental Sustainability PolicyWe are committed to promote environmental sustainability by reducing the impact of our business operations to environment and we shall achieve this together with the help of our employees, business partners and clients. We have robust systems in place to manage our environment impact and integrate them into our corporate social righteousness management. We commit to Consciously move towards the continuous reduction of our ecological footprints from our operations. Where possible, we will move beyond regularly compliance and apply best practices and global self-imposed standards on environmental and social responsibility. Manage em issions from our energy use, particularly to our networks and ensure that we carry out regular assessments on how energy is consumed within our network to oversee our climate impact and identify opportunities to go down it. Comply with all environmental laws and other laws relevant to our business. Encourage and train our employees and business partners to help us reduce our environment impact by communicating our policies and programs. Partner with organizations which share the same environmental values andfind ways of cooperation to protect the environment. Conduct a review of our environmental management system to ensure that the commitment of this policy are delivered and that we strive for continuous improvement. Report our environmental performance to our stakeholders.b. Globe telecom Environmental Strategyc. Globe Brigding CommunitiesGlobe BridgeCom Pillars1. i-ProsperThe i-Prosper program works with social enterprises and micro-entrepreneurs to establish sustainable f orms of livelihood for bottom of the pyramid (BOP) sectors nationwide. Applying the same philosophy of Globe Telecoms triple bottom-line approach of doing business, the program aims to introduce socially responsible income- generating opportunities for the entrepreneurial poor through capacity development, provision of capital and market access. 2. i-LeadThe i-Lead backbone is dedicated to the establishment of peaceful, orderly and progressive communities through the advancement of good governance and excellence in public service. It aims to promote accountability, transparency and increase ones participation in governance through infrastructure support capacity development. More importantly, the program intends to empower barangay officials and the youth to become transformational leaders and active citizens. 3. i-Conservei-Conserve is the environmental protection and sustainability pillar of the Globe Bridging Communities, a strategic venture to characterize the commitment of Glo be to business and environmental sustainability through the use of its ICT competencies. 4. i-AccessThe i-Access pillar supports a portfolio of programs harnessing mobile and broadband technologies to improve access to and delivery of social services to help national government agencies, local government units and otherdevelopment players achieve equitable and responsive delivery of mandates to citizens and disadvantaged communities through sustainable and relevant ICT-enabled content and technology solutions. 5. i-GiveThe program aims to mobilize Globe employees to be active citizens through volunteerism, whereby its employees are encouraged and supported to volunteer during relief operations, fundraising for Globe Bridging Communities projects, and mentoring the youth, teachers, micro-entrepreneurs, barangay leaders and other non- government organizations.Globe BridgeCom ProjectsSagot Ka ni Kap The Sagot Ka ni Kap program hinges on the core business and competencies of Globe Telec ommobile communication and broadband services. More than just equipping the community watch volunteers with mobile phones and hand-held radios, Globe also provides capacity-building workshops designed to inspire and enable them to be more proactive in community development. The workshop includes modules on community leadership, conflict resolution, and crisis management. The beneficiaries also perk up a one-year comprehensive personal accident insurance package. The Sagot Ka ni Kap program also strengthens the local security infrastructure and inspires the essential set of capabilities needed for effective leadership and at the same time, develop their capacities as future community leaders. My charming Share ProgramIn 2012, Globe Bridging Communities inked partnerships with social enterprises Gifts & Graces Inc. to produce eco-bags for the Globe My Fair Share program. The bags are made by the Bulacan-based Kaibhan Womens Association, Caritas Manila, and Pamana ng Pag-asa and are sold for 99 each. The program transforms the way Globe gives backnot only by aiding partners and beneficiary communities with capital, funds for capacity and skills development and ICT toolsbut also by empowering them with livelihood opportunities and by bringing them into the Globe value chain.Globe Cordillera altercate 3 Bigger in scale than the previous Globe Cordillera biking events held in 2010 and 2011, the Globe Cordillera dispute 3 targeted not only Globe employees, members of the media, and stakeholders, but also a broader audience of recreational bikersand triathletes nationwide to bike a total of 27 kilometer-trail along the Cordillera mountain range from Baguio City to ascent Cabuyao and Mount Sto. Tomas in Benguet. Together with Cordillera Conservation Trust (CCT), Globe Bridging Communities changed the game by creating three different bike trails following the theme, Choose your trail, Bike your way, Save the Cordilleras. rockers were given the freedom to decide whi ch route to take based on their skill level, bike discipline and bike set-up. Total registered bikers for the Globe Cordillera Challenge 3 reached 319, while 222 bikers were in attendance on the event day, May 5. The event raised a total of 800,000 from online registration, corporate sponsorship, and from the pooled donations of Globe Telecom employees own fundraising activities. The Globe Cordillera Challenge 3 also raised the bar in employee volunteerism Globe Telecom bikers from Manila, Negros, and La Union joined the event in Baguio. Since May 2012, the Roots and Shoots nursery program of CCT has established seedling nurseries in twenty-one (21) public elementary schools in the Cordillera area.Global Filipino Teacher (GFT) ProgramThrough the Global Filipino Teacher program (GFT), educators are trained to integrate ICT in teaching basic subjects like English, Science, Math, and heKaSi. GFT is done in partnership with the Department of Education (DepEd) and the Coalition for Bette r Education, a Cebu-based non-profit organization composed of various education stakeholders from the academe, students, parents, non- government and business organizations. The GFT training program equips teachers with knowledge using the project- based learning approach and will train 100 new teachers and existing GFT teachers to become peer coaches to their co-teachers on the use of project-based learning (PBL), creating a community-based ripple effect of twenty-first century learning.Volunteaming. Volunteaming encourages employees to customize their volunteering projects and promote camaraderie in their communities of choice. As part of i-Gives commitment to support corporate citizenship, Globe Bridging Communities matches the project with minimal funding. This project is open to all Globe employees nationwide who can form a group of five and is willing to commit eight (8) volunteer hours each. Volunteamingallows employees to be ready with the social issues of the communities n earest to them. They are able to customize the assistance needed according to the needs of their communities or charity of choice. Through volunteaming, Globe employees are given access to Corporate Social Responsibility projects regardless of their work location and expertise by simply volunteering their time and talents.

African Migration Essay

The African origin of early modern pieces 200,000150,000 days ago is now well documented, with archaeological entropy suggesting that a major migration from tropical east Africa to the Levant took place between 130,000 and 100,000 long time ago via the presently hyper-arid Saharan-Arabian desert. The path out of East Africa leads across nitrogen Africa, through the Nile corridor, and across the Red Sea, or across the Indian Ocean and the strait of Bab el Mandeb to the Arabian peninsula and beyond to Eurasia. Most of this interconnected landmass of the supposed Old World, the continental area encompassing Africa, Europe, and Asia, received migrants from East Africa by about 1.5 million years ago.This migration was dependent on the occurrence of wetter climate in the region. Whereas there is good evidence that the southern and central Saharan-Arabian desert experienced increased monsoon precipitation during this period, no unequivocal evidence has been found for a corresponding r ainfall increase in the northern part of the migration corridor, including the Sinai-Negev land bridge between Africa and Asia.The major feature of world populations through time is their change magnitude numbers. It is likely that many early human migrations resulted from the pressure of such demographic increases on limited food resources disease, drought, famine, war, and natural disaster figure among the most chief(prenominal) causes of early human migrations. Approximately 100,000 years ago, the first migrations of human sapiens out of their African homeland likely coincided with the ability to use spoken delivery and to control fire. Over the next 87,000 years military personnel migrated to every continent, encompassing a wide variety of natural environments. The Americas were the last continents to be reached by Homo sapiens, about 13,000 years ago.Why these earliest migrants left Africa to colonize the world is a complex, important question. The answer is likely to be f ound in a web of interrelated factors centered rough human behaviour, specifically behavior selected to reduce risk and increase the individuals fitness for survival. Calculated migration must have resulted from selective information sharing, alliance building, memory, and the ability to negotiate all skills that necessarily accompanied increasingly complex amicable and cultural groups. The increasing complexity of existence inevitably direct hominids out of Africa, resulting in a global distribution of diverse human groups.Increasing population may have prodded the migration of some groups. Armed with the attributes of culture, the distinctive, complex patterns of behavior shared by human groups, humans eventually adapted to and conquered virtually all global environments. Whatever the nature of human origins, whenever or wherever human societies and cultures first appeared, the peopling of our globe has been a product of migration from place to place. Given the small numbers of people and the vast distances they traversed, and considering their technologically limited modes of transportation, the movement of people around the globe seems miraculous.The examples of global colonization described below depended on interactions between people and between people and their environments. Gradually, sometime during the Middle Stone Age (perhaps 100,000 to 200,000 years ago), distinct patterns of interaction among humans and between them and the landscapes in which they lived emerged. Because the distinctive physical and social environments to which humans adapted were themselves constantly changing, cultures too continually changed. That early humans acquired technological and social skills can be inferred from widespread evidence of their material culturestone tools and utensils, carved figurines, rock and cave art, and the like, dating from about 40,000 years agowhich has been found in most parts of the globe.The development of language unquestionably further ed the social and technological evolution of humans and facilitated systems of reciprocity and social exchange. For example, the part of labor in food production and the exchange and transportation of goods and products were greatly expedited by speech. Being able to assign different tasks to different individuals furthered cooperation and fueled the processes of social and cultural evolution.http//www.learner.org/courses/worldhistory/unit_readings_3.html http//www.learner.org/courses/worldhistory/unit_overview_3.html

Assessing The Occupational Competence in the Work Enviroment Essay

C. In carrying out estimation of occupational competence, I would take away myself How in force(p) was my assessment and feedback?Was there anything I didnt anticipate?How did I deal with it?What went well?What could I improve?If I had to change anything what would I do other than?I would ask the pupil what they intend to do and how they are going to achieve it, get them to tell me what tools they are going to use to get the want look and why they entrust be using them, also what products are going to be used (if any). Once they have finished the assessment I will ask them how they think it went and so give them my feedback. My feedback will start with a positive e.g. well d iodin for upkeeping at bottom the time scale. And then tell them if the assessment was achieved or not and if not how theycould written report towards achieving it. I will finish with another positive and specializeting a new set with a new date. By keeping a reflective journal on my experiences and thoughts it would help me with my future development and give me useful practice in self-evaluation.D. To maintain the currency of own expertness and competence relevant to own role in assessing occupational competence, I will admit to keep my cognition and skills up to date in order for me to be an effective and credible assessor. I will need to maintain continuing professional development and I will have to keep up to date with relevant government legislations, awarding organisation regulations, policies and organisation procedures related to assessment and quality assurance. I will also need to keep up to date with new developments in vocational training and teaching. I will attend further training courses to keep my cpd up to date and keep a log of it. I will attend standardisation confluxs to show that I am keeping my assessors qualification up to standard necessary by the governing bodies.OUTCOME 4Be able to plan the assessment of occupational competence.B. To plan assessme nt of occupational competence based on the following methods Observation of performance in the act as environment I would observe the scholarly person by their performance making true the criteria is covered. This would be done through one to one with the learner. I would get along sure start and finish times were set and make sure the dish provided is going to meet the standards requirements. Any documentation would have to be filled in, signed and dated and new targets would be set. Examining products of work I would check that the work of the learner has been carried out in the correct and professional way and the end result has the desired look and finish.Questioning the learner I would initially ask the learner what their plan of action is and how they are going to achieve it, if more criteria needed to be met I would ask more questions to give them the opportunity to judge and meet the level required.Discussing with the learner I would make sure the contendions were relevant to the outcomes and assessment criteria, I would discuss the units that need to be covered and how we could use one visit to cover more than one unit (holistic approach). I would also discuss the amount of time needed for the process and dates and times of visits. I would make it clear to the learner what I would expect from them for a competent assessment.Use of others (witness testimony) As an assessor you would need to be a professional in hair tonic with x number of years experience. You would need to be familiar with the national standards and carrying out notifications, you would document all that has been observed but could not immortalize into the basindidates log book.Looking at learner statements The learner would have documented extra book. This would be a write up on underpinning questions when a begin has not quite been met. This could also be a write up on a hair style that was achieved, explaining how they went about getting the achieved look.Insuff icient evidence If a learner hands back their assignment but has not met the criteria covered, they would be told there was insufficient evidence to complete the assignment. They would be asked to add the required evidence making the assignment achievable.Recognising prior learning This would be when a learner has completed a unit in another qualification within the set time of the national standards. I would check their certification for proof of this and get the learner to take the test of under pinning experience so they would not have to do the same unit again. I would be able to document this in the learners log book with a RPL form, the form would need to be signed and dated from the achieved date on the certificate.C. To plan the assessment of occupational competence to address learner needs and current achievements. In my assessment plan I would identify any specific need that the learner may have e.g. Dyslexia (I would check withthe relevant department within the trainin g mental home to see what help could be offered to the learner i.e. extra time given for assignments and written tests). I would then agree the level and extent of their current knowledge and skills.D. In assessment planning meetings wherever possible I will always try to take a holistic approach. If one unit is existence taken I would identify how many outcomes and criteria might be met, I would do this by using the assessment methods of Observation, Examination of products of work and questioning. As an assessor, work to holistic assessment principles will maximise opportunity and save time and cost. If I have arranged to be observed assessing competence, examining products of work and questioning, I could discuss with my assessor whether I could be observed carrying out an assessment planning meeting during the same visit. This could be a follow on planning meeting with a learner who is ready to go on to the next stage of their assessment.BilingualismDealing with Bilingualism w ould first have been established at the initial assessment the learners first language is not English so as an assessor I would have to find the best way of communication. This could be in using an translator (electronically or a dictionary) There would have to be a certain amount of English vocabulary on the learners behalf to have been able to pass the testing that is initially done before acceptance of the course.Skills testingA skill testing is a practical observation of a set skill task that has been set by the assessor. The assessor will tell the learner what is required and give the learner a set time to get the task achieved. This can be used to check the learners capabilities.MAINTAINLEGAL AND GOODPRACTICE REQUIREMENTSWHEN ASSESSINGVOCATIONAL SKILLS, fellowship ANDUNDERSTANDINGUV30566TRACEY HEARNEOUTCOME 4To evaluate my own work in carrying out assessment of vocational skills, knowledge and understanding I would ask myself Did the learner understand what needed to be done t o meet the criteria? Was the feedback clear enough for the learner to understand? Were assessments marked and returned within the timescale?By asking myself these questions I can evaluate my own work with the evidence that I have recorded.D. Take part in continuing professional development to ensure current expertise and competence in assessing vocational skill, knowledge and understanding. In taking part of cpd this is to keep my knowledge up to date, and to maintain new skills whilst assessing. I need to be able to prove how I have been doing this. I need to show certificates I have gained in courses I have attended. Keep a record of hours worked/shadowed.Made regular visits to relevant websites. (www.habia.org)Reading relevant publications (Hairdressers Journal (HJi).Keeping a log of all my attendance and participation in events and activities will be my record of cpd.

Prenatal care and testing persuasive speech outline Essay

IntroductionAttentionI. Attention Imagine that you or a close love unrivaled of yours is in the hospital about to travel by wear when suddenly, before you can even set eyeball on the little one or hold them, the nurses rush them out of the room and your lives atomic number 18 morose upside down in a matter of seconds. II. Connect Unfortunately this is roundthing that happens to many unsuspecting families all day and could happen to you or someone that you know.OppositionSome argue that antepartum worry and testing is immoral and wrong because of the concern of women using it to prevent and abort babies with disabilities, but this is not the case at all. Prenatal testing is done to allow doctors to treat them early. Another argument is that the cost of prenatal care is just too much, but that is why there are many foundations to help mothers as wellnessy as health departments that offer free or no costs at all care. dawdler As a witness to one of these traumatic events I w ould like to show you why it is so important that women receive prenatal care and testing and encourage you and your loved ones to receive it.Body master(prenominal) Point One-NeedI. Sadly about one third of the women who give birth will have some kind of pregnancy re lated complication which is most of the reason why prenatal care is exceedingly important.A. Receiving prenatal care reduces the risk of pregnancy-related complications such as anemia, preterm birth, preeclampsia, complications of diabetes, or poor growth of the baby in utero. B. Unfortunately one million women in the U.S. deliver babies without receiving prenatal care C. According to babetrends.org, mothers who receive late or no prenatal care are three measure more likely to give birth to a low-weight baby. D. Babies whose mothers dont receive prenatal care are five times more likely to die. Main Point Two-SatisfactionII. With prenatal care and testing doctors can spot health problems early when they see mothers r egularly. A. The tests done for the mother aregenerally done in the first trimester to adjudicate things such as her blood type, whether she has diabetes, anemia, or other health conditions such as and STD. B. In a developing child testing can identify treat suitable health problems, characteristics of the baby, and the chance that the baby has certain birth defects, or genetic or developmental problems.Main Point Three-VisualizationIII. There are many benefits with receiving prenatal care. It can save lives if not better the chance at a great one. A. Everyday doctors are helping expectant mothers provide their developing child to get a great head bewilder at a healthy life. B. There are many health problems that healthcare professionals have been able to take care of before the child is born or the problem gets worse. C. The chance of a child developing a birth defect is significantly lessoned when the mother receives prenatal care.Conclusion-ActionI. So, I encourage you to chee r receive prenatal care or make sure your loved ones do so. II. If you or your loved one receives prenatal care your child will have the best chance possible to be born healthy.

Discuss Nationalism in the ERa of Good Feelings Essay

Nationalism, non sectionalism, was the driving force during the era of pricey feelings. Nationalism became the leading ideology of the American republic. While sectionalism proceeded in bringing the nation into tempestuousness and constant bickering among the politicians, as in the case with dealings leading to the Missouri compromise, nationalism was fitted to unite the nation into a headstrong soundbox, led by an ever-increasing, more powerful central government.Nationalism, many a(prenominal) can argue, was a guiding light that helped the populous in Europe unite. As early as the late great Roman Empire, it was that notion of being a part of a uniform body of civil, governed people who helped these places flourish. In early 19th century America, during the Era of Good Feelings as one publisher put it, Americans began to root themselves in all that the nation stood for which helped them in turn begin to think near moving the United States into a respect subject position amo ng the worlds super powers. For example, Stephen Decatur toasts the country and acknowledges that it is our country, for rectify or for worse. This is a sharp contrast to the views of our founding fathers because George Washington himself, the father of our nation, saluted king George although he was a part of the attempt to establish a separate nation. Poets and writers also began to capture the nations spirit.In her Address to the New York State Legislature, Emma Hart Willard, explains how America has no problem in view precedents and taking risks for the benefit of the country. For example, did the country take a risk in having a democracy sort of of a monarchy? The answer to this question is yes, because no one in the history of the world before America, was able to successfully run a government the way that new nation ran. Although they had to switch from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution, this only proved that the nation could adapt with its people, thus se tting precedents.Sectionalism only succeeded in dividing the country. This is because sectionalists always had their protest agendas, which often clashed with that of their opposition. The division of votes on the tariff of 1816 was a pretty noticeable one, although the final vote was not really affected bynon-tariff votes. Sectionalism can be found here in the verse of each region. The majority of New England Votes were cast against the tariff. This should be of no surprise because New England, which at the time was largely federalist, was against the whole war of 1812 effort from the get go. If it were not for the nationalistic pride of the western and southern regions, this protective tariff would have not been passed.Nationalism creates an atmosphere which attempts to propel the nation forward sooner of decorous entangled in issues which cause a separation of agendas, thought, and eventually causes a rift in peoples beliefs. The nationalism brought about by the Era of Good feelings helped the United States get on track to becoming what it is today. If you look at current events, you can see that the United States operates with more fluidity when we have a common enemy instead of creating enemies out of our brethren because of our ideals.

Metropolis Movie Analysis

German, silent, science fiction pictorial matter that was released in 1927 during what was considered to be the end of the Whimper Cinema era. Metropolis is considered to be an expressionist cinema due to its utilisation of symbols found in the scenery, over exaggerated playacting style, and heavy makeup. The scenery in the film was delivered in a black and white, dreamlike, theatrical tone. A lot of the objects found in the scenery were found as a symbolic connotation to the subtle gists expressed throughout.As discussed in class, we had noticed a definite sacred over tone with the imagery seen throughout including scenes displayed in the Garden of Eden, Catacombs, Babel and cross imagery. The main character of the film is a young man named Freer who is the son of the totally mighty and powerful Josh Preferred. Josh is seen as a self-righteous and inconsiderate man who is the head of the town Metropolis and is in charge of all the workers whose hands power this town.Josh howe ver is not a fair boss and works his men to unsufferable extremes. As discussed in class, you are able to notice one the many expressionist attributes in this film being how the workers In the film move aerobically as if they are a machine and have been euthanized by their occupation. These workers are not seen by Josh as humans but are rather seen as the light switch flipping on and off the machines, powering his business. Freer is the medial trying to bring both of these two impinge on worlds together.He tries to help the workers value themselves as human beings as well as help to show his fetch that these workers arent his slaves. The expressive and overall basis of the movie Lies within the repetitively used saying throughout the film, The median between the hands and the head Is the heart. The overall meaning of the film Is expressed through the scenery and acting In film. As It Is a silent expressionist film, the acting Is reliant on conveying this meaning by the over exa ggerated movements and emotions displayed.

Ethical Issue on the Internet

Ethical issues relating to the wasting disease of the profit and the implications for managers and business practice. by Mihai C. Orzan surcharge When we giveress the topic of ethical issues on the lucre we be chiefly referring at 2 contrary matters solitude and cerebral property. Each has been exa tapd extensively in the last five categorys, since the internet explosive incursion in e preciseday life activities, each has an important number of sub fields that require spargon attention from managers and a nonher(prenominal) business professionals.The purpose of this paper is to to make a shortly pre directation of approximately relevant developments pertaining cyberspace ethical issues in direct connection with the business humanness. The concealment debate is touch on on the arguments regarding citizens right to privacy granted or implied by laws on wiz hand and companies arise on customer information, considered an asset to sell for profits (Choi, 2000, p. 317) on the other hand. retirement on the Internet is exploding as a topic of macrocosm cite these days. A recent Internet survey showed that 4 out of 5 rolers fetch major concerns regarding various privacy threats when theyre online.Yet only 6% of them puzzle actually experienced privacy ab engrosss. Those who be not yet on the Net cite privacy as the main reason they consecrate chosen not to be sleep together Internet users. If electronic trading is going to thrive, this fear is going to have to be dealt with by laws and by perseverance practices and this paper attempts to conduct a thorough description of the major estimator ethics trends of the snatch. The other major source of concern for business world as well as the majority of Internet users is replicaright control.Serious head come from twain onsetes on this matter what info for sale on the Internet back tooth I freely use and how dissolve one protect the hardly earned teaching that he posts on a t issuesite. In item, The Internet has been fictitious characterized as the largest threat to procure since its inception. It is awash in information, much of it with varying degrees of procure shield. (OMahoney, 2001). procureed issue constitutes an important part of this paper and it details roughly of the present concerns of intellectual property. 1 Privacy Everyone has the right to know what information is collected and how it will be use and to accept or decline the collection or dissemination of this information particularly financial and medical information. President George W. Bush. Privacy has become a major concern on the Internet. According to (Ferrell, Leclair & Fraedrich, 1997), the extraordinary growth of the Internet has created a number of privacy issues that society has never encountered before and in that respectfore has been slow to address. Opinions have been expressed and actions were interpreted in pitch to resolve these matters in one way or another. In an consultation earlier this year United States President George W. Bush (Miller, 2001) expressed numerous and informed concerns regarding privacy issues, including rise to power, security, and use of soulfulness-to-person information. He promised to ensure actions that will meet consumer demands for privacy protection and advocated opt- in policies for chain carrying lists. He concluded the interview by stating I sh be many peoples concerns that, with the advent of the Internet, individualized privacy is increasingly at risk, and I am committed to protecting personal privacy for everyone. Privacy issues on the Internet relate to two major concerns. The first concern is users ability to control the rate, type, and place of the information they view. Spam, or unrequested moneymaking(prenominal)-grade e- mail, is a control concern because it violates privacy and steals resources. A second concern relates to the ability of users to address and say how organizations colle ct and use personal information on the Internet. Many 2 blade sites require visitors to pick out themselves and tin information secure intimately their wants and conducts. several(prenominal)(prenominal) entanglement sites track visitors footsteps by the site by storing a biscuit, or identifying string of text, on their computers. The use of cookies toilet be an ethical issue, e redundantly because many users have no idea that this transfer of information is until now occurring. Internet privacy is an important ethical issue because approximately organizations engaging in e- commerce have not yet developed policies and codes of conduct to encourage trusty behavior. Spamming Junk e- mail and email are both terms for advertising and e- mail sent to you which you did not ask for and which you do not want, (Elbel, 2001).However, spam is a much than generic term that takes diffuse posting to news showgroups as well as individual(a)s. And spamming is very costly for t he end users recent surveys showed that various forms of spam consume up to 15% of Internet bandwidth. According to a recent European Union playing field toss email costs all of us some 9. 4 billion (US) dollars per year, and many major ISPs say that spam adds 20% of the cost of their help, (Elbel, 2001). As you back tooth see spamming is a very profitable endeavor and have gr admit over the years to assume a number of several(predicate) forms.Thus, we can distinguish v Unsolicited e- mail is any email message received where the receiving system did not specifically ask to receive it. It competency not be alship canal an abuse. v great deal e- mail is any group of messages sent via e- mail, with substantially identical meaning, to a large number of addresses at once. Many ISPs specify a threshold for bulk e- mail to be 25 or more than recipients within a 24- hour period. Once again, bulk e- mail itself is not necessarily abuse of the e- mail system. 3 Unsolicited Commercia l E- mail (UCE) is a form of e- mail containing commercial information that has been sent to a recipient who did not ask to receive it. Several ISPs specify that sending even one UCE is a violation of privacy. v Make Money Fast (MMF) are e- mail messages that guarantee immediate, undreamt profits , including much(prenominal) schemes as chain letters. v Multi-Level merchandising (MLM) are e- mail messages that guarantee tall(prenominal) profits , right after you send them an initial investment and recruit others. v Mailbomb is probably the or so harmful type of spamming.It takes the form of email packages delivered repeatedly to the same address until the mailbox is overloaded, or maybe even the system that hosts the mailbox crashes. Mailbombs generally take one of two forms. A mailbox efficacy be targeted to receive hundreds or thousands of messages, making it difficult or impossible for the victim to use their deliver mailbox, possibly matters them to additional charges for storage space, and might cause them to miss messages entirely due to overflow. This is seen as a denial- of- service attack, perhaps also harassment.Another form of mailbombing is to forge subscription requests to many mailing lists, all for one recipient. The take is a huge barrage of email arriving in the victims e- mail box, all of it unwanted, provided legitimate. thither are several ways to escape spamming, but none will guarantee 100 percentage reliability. first base, a complaint to the ISPs that originated and forwarded the spam is required. It is also recommended to switch to an ISP that uses one or all of the anti- spam databases available (RBL, RSS, and DUL). About 40% of the Internet is using these services, with good success.Also, it is important that you never, under any circumstance, reply to junk e- mail, even if it is to send a remove request. Most spammers ignore such 4 responses, or worse, add you to their list of validated e- mail addresses that they sell. Also, getting removed doesnt keep you from being added the next time they mine for addresses, nor will it get you off other copies of the list that have been sold or traded to others. Finally, we should note that there are voices that argue that spamming is a legitimate form of expression and restricting it would be a number one Amendment infringement.Even more, has been suggested that junk e- mail (also cal take bulk e- mail and spam) should be profoundly protected, (DAmbrosio, 2000). Tracking a user on the Internet Data about individuals is collected in a wide kind of ways, including information provided on application forms, credit/debit card transactions, and cookies. Many users expect that such activities are anonymous, but unfortunately they are far from being so. It is possible to record many online activities, including which newsgroups or data files a reviewer has accessed and which web sites a subscriber has visited.This information can be collected both by a subscrib ers own service provider (available in the request headers of browsers) and by agents of remote sites which a subscriber visits. But the just about popular form of collecting data about web surfers is the cookie. These are short pieces of data utilise by web servicingrs to foster identify web users. The cookie is set upd on the users computer, but contrary to popular belief it is not an executable program and cannot do anything harmful to the machine. Cookies are used by Internet shop sites to keep track of users and their shopping carts.When someone first visits an Internet shopping site, they are sent a cookie containing the advert (ID number) of a shopping cart and other expedient tags. Another use of cookies is to create customized home 5 pages. A cookie is sent to the users browser for each of the items they expect to see on their custom home page. One of the less admirable uses of cookies, and the one that is causing all the controversy, is its use as a device for track ing the browsing and acquire habits of individual web users.On a single web site or a group of web sites within a single sub champaign, cookies can be used to see what web pages you visit and how customaryly you visit them. However, such concerns can be easily addressed by setting the browser to not accept cookies or use one of the new cookie blocking packages that offer selective cookie access. no.e that blocking all cookies prevents some online services from take out watering. Also, preventing the browser from accepting cookies does not confer anonymity it just makes it more difficult to be tracked on the Web. Related to cookies, but more change is the activity known as prying.Many of the commercial online services will automatically download graphics and program upgrades to the users home computer. News reveals have documented the fact that authoritative online services have admitted to both accidental and intentional prying into the memory of home computers signing on t o the service. In some cases, personal files have been copied and collected by the online services. Use of Personal tuition You can find out transparent directory information about people on a variety of web sites, like Switchboard, Whowhere, Four11, Bigfoot.These contain information retrieved from telephone books. And around of these sites allow someone who doesnt want to be listed in their databases to have his/her information removed. But beyond the free services there are the fee- based services where one can find out a great deal about 6 individuals on the Internet. at that place are services like as KnowX, Informus, Infotel, CDB, Infotek, Information America, and Lexis- Nexis that offer subscription based services and give access any through the Internet or through their own telephone mesh topologys.The information they provide is primarily from public records like records of court cases, both civil and criminal (not the full text, not yet anyway, but an office of cases ), bankruptcies, judgments and liens, property records, such as county tax assessors files, professional license information, if regulated by the state, Dept of Motor fomite data from many states, voter registration data from many states, stock investments, if you own 15% or more of a companys stock, and many more other sources.Data warehouses built with this kind of reactive personal information (including browsing patterns, also known as transaction- generated information) are the lifeblood of many enterprises that contend to locate their customers with direct mailing (or e- mailing) campaigns. It may also create the potential for junk e- mail and other market placeing uses. Additionally, this information may be embarrassing for users who have accessed sensitive or controversial materials online. In theory, individuals (data subjects) are routinely asked if they would permit their information to be used by the information collector.Application forms ordinarily allow a clause stating that personal information provided may be used for marketing and other purposes. This is the precept of informed consent, meaning that if the individual does not so request that his/her data not to be used for such purposes, it is assumed that he/she had inclined liberty. The alternative principle, of affirmative consent, where an individual is required to give permission for each and every occasion on which a data user wishes to make use of an individuals data, becomes toweringly expensive and complex and is seldom practiced.The national Trade Commission is urging commercial web site operators to make public their information collection practices in privacy policies posted on web sites. 7 Many web sites now post information about their information- collection practices. You can look for a privacy seal of approval, such as TRUSTe, Council of Better Business Bureaus (BBB), American install of Certified Public Accountants, WebTrust, and others on the first page of the web site. Those that participate in such programs go to post their privacy policies and submit to audits of their privacy practices in order to display the logo.There are several technologies that help online users protect their privacy. v Encryption is a method of scrambling an e- mail message or file so that it is unintelligible to anyone who does not know how to unscramble it. Thus, closed-door information may be encrypted, and then(prenominal) transmitted, stored or distributed without fear that outsiders will have access to its content. Various strong encryption programs, such as PGP (Pretty safe(p) Privacy) and RSA (RSA Data Security) are available online.Because encryption prevents un authorize access, law givement agencies have expressed concerns over the use of this technology, and Congress has considered legislation to create a back door to allow law enforcement officials to decipher encrypted messages. Federal law limits exporting certain types of encryption code or des criptive information to other countries and file them under the same ammo type as nuclear weapons. v Anonymous remailers. Because it is relatively belatedly to determine the puddle and email address of anyone who posts messages or sends e- mail, the practice of using anonymous remailing programs has become more cat valium.These programs receive e- mail, strip off all identifying information, and then forward the mail to the appropriate address. v keeping protection software program package package. software package security programs are now available which help prevent unauthorized access to files on the home computer. For 8 example, one program encrypts every directory with a different password so that to access any directory you moldiness log in first. Then, if an online service provider tries to read any private files, it would be denied access. These programs may include an audit trail that records all activity on the computers drives.Censorship and Blocking package Wit h its recent explosive growth, the Internet now faces a problem inherent in all media that serve diverse audiences not all materials are appropriate for every audience (Resnick & Miller, 1996). Any rules or laws about distribution, however, will be too restrictive from some perspectives, yet not restrictive enough from others. manifestly it might be easier to meet diverse charters by controlling reception rather than distribution. In the TV industry, this realization has led to the V- chip, a system for blocking reception based on labels introduce in the broadcast stream.On the Internet, the solution might be considered even better, with richer labels that reflect diverse viewpoints, and more elastic selection criteria. no(prenominal) everyone needs to block reception of the same materials. Parents may not wish to damp their children to sexual or violent images, businesses may want to prevent their employees from visiting recreational sites during hours of peak network usage, a nd governments may want to restrict reception of materials that are legal in other countries but not in their own.The blocking solution with the largest acceptance at this moment is PICS (Platform for Internet Content Selection). Its labels are so-called to be able to describe any aspect of a document or a Web site. As was natural to be expected, PICS labels started out as an attempt to block web pages that were not pliant with indecency 9 laws. As one of its initiators give tongue to, the original impetus for PICS was to allow parents and teachers to screen materials they entangle were conflicting for children using the Net, (Weinberger, 1997).At this moment, Microsoft, Netscape, SurfWatch, CyberPatrol, and other software vendors have PICS- compatible products, while AOL, AT WorldNet, CompuServe, and Prodigy provide free blocking software that is PICS- compliant. Intellectual Property Intellectual Property concerns the protection of all products created or designed by human in tellect book, songs, poems, trademarks, blueprintsand software (Davidson, 2000, p. 9). The copying of software programs, although nominally protected by procure laws, is certainly widespread. Much of the argument about IP lies in the deontological dichotomy between rights and duties, (Davidson, 2000, p. 12). software package producers claim that they have the right to protect the fruit of their endeavors, and have the right to be compensated for the resources reach in the development process, while consumers claim that they have the right to use a product for which they have paid and expect that the product will be free of defects. This should lead to competitively priced products with superior quality, providing appreciate for money. 10 Copyright, unmistakables, and TrademarksAccording to prof. Johnson (2000) as computing resources become more and more prevalent, computer software becomes easier and easier to access, and as such, easier and easier to copy, (p. 124). Protectio n for ones work, from a legal point of view, requires copyright, discernibles, and trademarks for sensible and strategic information. The best approach is to have a combination of trade secret protection, copyright laws, and trademark laws for the product in question because these are cheap, operationive, and fast ways of protecting a software product from being pirated.Copyright Issues Copyrighted working on the net include news stories, software, novels, screenplays, graphics, pictures, Usenet messages and even e- mail. In fact, the frightening reality is that almost everything on the Net is protected by copyright law (OMahoney, 2001). Software and manuals, as novels and other literary works, are protected under copyright laws. In simple terms, this guarantees the copyright owner, the author in most cases, the single(a) rights to the reproduction and distribution of his intellectual property.Thus, copyright law guarantees the owner of the intellectual property the same types of rights that patent law guarantees the owner of an invention or other piece of seemingly more tangible somatogenetic property. estimator software and data are intellectual property, and as such are covered by copyright law. The problems start when people cannot, or will not, make the mental transition from physical to intellectual property. While most people would not steal books from a bookstore or a software package from a dealers showroom, 11 ven if they knew they would not be caught, many of the same people would not waver copying a computer program from a demo or from their friends and colleagues. The only free software is the one places in the public domain, also known as freeware. For the rest of the software products the user mustiness abide by the license agreements which usually come with a program and places restrictions upon reproducing and distributing the software, including such things as loan the software to a friend or colleague and making duplicates for clas sroom or network use. Some licenses even go so far as to restrict use to a specific computer.In most cases, however, the user does have the right to make a backup copy of the software for archival purposes. In theory, any use of a software package which falls outside of the limits of the license agreement renders the user, and quite a ofttimes the users company or institution, liable to prosecution. A computer program is defined in the copyright law as a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in a computer in order to bring about a certain result. Copyright protection begins at the time a work is created in fixed form no act other than creation of the work is required to obtain a copyright for the work.According to (Yoches and Levine, 1989) the scope of copyright protection for a computer programs expression may extend beyond its literal code to the structure, sequence and organization of the program. Another debated and important aspect of software c opyright involves the use of databases, data warehouses, and other forms of data collections. Under traditional concepts of literary copyright, the data contained in a compiling, and the selection of the data, may sometimes not be protected from copying. Only the coordination and arrangement of the database may be protected, and even then there must be some originality to the collection and arrangement for it to be protected, (Losey, 1995). 12 There are fundamentally three ways to legally protect computer databases copyright, trade secret and contract. Raw facts in a database may not be protected by copyright, regardless of the time or expense that went into post them. However, in many databases the data itself, or the particular expressions of the facts, may have been created by the author. In such cases the data has originality and can be protected.Even if the contents are raw facts, not new materials created by the author, the compilation aspects of the database (selection, coo rdination and arrangement) may muted receive copyright protection. A trade secret is knowledge which a person or company acquires through its own efforts and which has some value to it (Losey, 1995). Typically, this knowledge is kept secret from competitors because it is felt that this information provides some type of competitive advantage. Since a computer database is a compilation that derives economic value, it is a type of intellectual property that has frequently received trade secrecy protection.Finally, the owner of a database can require that any purchaser enter into a written contract as a context of purchase of the database. That written agreement could expressly provide that the purchaser will not disclose the content to anyone but authorized users, nor make any copies or unauthorized use of the information. Typically this takes the form of a License Agreement between the owner/licensor of the database and the user/licensee of the database. Protect your site against th eft It might be useful to know that a link is a URL, a fact not unlike a street address, and is therefore not copyrightable.However, a URL list may be copyrightable under a 13 compilation copyright if it contains some originality. The Internet was created on the basis of being able to set apart hypertext links to any other location on the Web. Consequently, by putting yourself on the Internet, you have given implied permission to others to link to your Web page, and everyone else on the Web is deemed to have given you implied permission to link to their Web pages (OMahoney, 2001). The two primary methods of protection are technical countermeasures and legal protection.Technical countermeasures include strategies such as digital watermarking and spiders that search the Internet for copies of your pages or graphics. These strategies tend to be difficult, expensive, and user- unfriendly. The primary vehicle for legal protection is copyright. This is by far the easiest and most popular form of protection in use today. In implementing a copyright strategy, there are three items that you should consider v Ownership before trying to copyright your website, a clear understanding of what exactly it is considered to be copyright is required.There are many elements to a website, including text, graphics, scripts, data, and code. If everything was created from scratch for the website, self-will is not an issue. However, if someone else created text, or some clip art was downloaded from another website, or scanned photographs from archives were used, or a web design firm was hired to load all informational content into an attractive package, then ownership of the respective elements is shared with the original creators, unless otherwise stated in contracts and licenses. Copyright notice it is generally a good idea to put a copyright notice on your website. It used to be that in order to be afforded any copyright protection whatsoever, one needed to put the world on notic e by attaching a copyright notice to the work. While this is no longer the case, it is still customary to attach a 14 copyright notice on copyrighted works in order to be eligible for certain types of damages. The copyright notice consists of at least elements that include the copyright symbol and/or the term Copyright, the year of copyright, and the name of the copyright holder. Registration register your copyright with the Copyright Office. Although the Copyright Act gives protection just for creating your work and reducing it to a tangible form, that protection proved somewhat illusory in some cases when registration was overlooked. Patents and Trademarks A recognise brand name or trademark represents the goodwill that has been built into the product or service, (Eldenbrock & Borwankar, 1996). Consumers tend to associate the recognized brand name or trademark with certain characteristics that are specific to that name or mark.Therefore, companies often spend millions of dollars annually for safeguarding the investment in the colligate intellectual property rights. Trademark laws protect the name of the software, not the software itself. Some examples include Lotus 1- 2- 3, Apple , D- BASE, WordPerfect, and many others. Copyright protection protects the expression of an idea, not the idea itself. A patent protects the idea itself. There are two major drawbacks to patents. They take a lot of money and a lot of time (usually two or more years).Computer games are rarely patent protected because the shelf life for a game is usually no more than six months. 15 Fair Use When the fair use doctrine applies to a specific use of a work, the person making fair use of the work does not need to seek permission from the copyright owner or to compensate the copyright owner for the use of the work, (Lehman, 1998). The fair use is a form of limitation of the exclusive rights of copyright owners for purposes such as criticism, comments, news reporting, teaching (including t he possibility to make multiple copies of a copyrighted work for classroom use), scholarships, or research.In order to determine whether the use made of a work in any particular case is not a copyright infringement, Smiths (2001) Copyright Implementation Manual offers the following guidelines 1. the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes 2. the nature of the copyrighted work 3. the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole and 4. the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. Those creators and authors who wish to dedicate their works to the public domain may, of course, do so notwithstanding the availability of protection under the Copyright Act. 16 Libel and ha tchet job We know that as the Internet grows, there will be more and more lawsuits involving libel and defamation. said attorney David H. Donaldson, editor of Legal Bytes, The only question is if the number of cases will grow steadily or if there will be an explosion of lawsuits all at once. The Internet has been used to harass, slander, threat and these online activities led to arrests, successful sues (because have used netnews to slander and for delivering inappropriate screen saver images) and other forms of legal punishments. The most frequent form of libel on the Internet is flaming, defined as the practice of sending extremely critical, derogatory, and often vulgar e- mail messages, or newsgroup postings to other users on the Internet or online services (OBrien, 2002, pp. 326).Famous cases of racism or defamation have turned the attention at the gaps in legislation regarding Internet crime. intimate explicit web pages are responsible for another stir in social awareness reg arding Internet- related legal void. Sometimes even a link to anothers page could be defamatory and may subject someone to legal liability, (INET Legal Networks, 2001), if it links to a page where offensive or hot content is present and if you do not give strong warning to the web surfer about the consequences of his/her click.There are a number of takes unique to the Internet that distinguish it from any other strong point and have led to the current re- examination of existing libel laws to allow for their possible evolution and last their application in the cyberspace, (Potts & Harris, 1996). These features include its orbiculate nature (more than 125 countries are linked via Internet), which raised questions about jurisdiction, repeated publication every time a 17 page is updated/viewed, and the possibility to enforce judgments.Another Internet specific aspect is its highly interactive nature, which decreases the effectiveness of later corrections, but empowers the ability to reply, which might be considered more gratifying, immediate and potent than launching a libel action. Accessibility is another feature of the Internet, which distinguishes it from traditional print or broadcast media. The relatively low cost of connecting to the Internet and even of establishing ones own website means that the opportunity for defamation has outgrowthd exponentially. Now, on the Internet everyone can be a newspaper publisher and can be sued as a publisher.Internet anonymity means that users do not have to tell on their true identity in order to send email or post messages on air boards. This feature, coupled with the ability to access the Internet in the privacy and seclusion of ones own home or office and the interactive, responsive nature of communications on the Internet, has resulted in users being far less conquer about the contents of their messages than in any other form of media. Computer Crime One of the biggest threats for the online confederacy co mes from various ways in which a computers network in general and the Internet in special might be used to support computer crime.The list of such actions is vast as criminals are doing everything from stealing intellectual property and committing fraud to unleashing viruses and committing acts of cyber terrorism (Sager, Hamm, Gross, Carey & Hoff, 2000) and a few of the most dangerous and common ones have already entered the general IT folklore. The Association of Information Technology Professionals defined computer crime as including unauthorized use, access, modification, and destruction of hardware, software, data, or network resources unauthorized release of information unauthorized copying of 18 oftware denying an end user access to his or her own hardware, software, data, or network resources using or conspiring to use computer or network resources to illicitly obtain information or tangible property. Software plagiarization Software buccaneering is the illegal copying of computer software. It is also considered the computer industrys worst problem and, tally to the specialists, has become a household crime. People who wouldnt think of sneaking merchandise out of a store or burgling a house regularly obtain copies of computer programs that they havent paid for, (Hard- Davis, 2001).Software piracy is fought by legal means (licenses, copyright, trademarks and patents, and lawsuits, when all else fails). According to Zwass (1997), deterrent controls (legal sanctions) and preventive controls (increasing the cost of piracy by technological means) can be used to combat software piracy. Information technology is a key driver in the globalization and growth of the world economy. In a recent study of worldwide software market (International Data union, 1999) the total worldwide package software market has been stimated at $135 billion. Worldwide expenditures on software are expected to increase to about $220 billion by the year 2002. The U. S. software ind ustry is reaping the benefits of this hyper growth, having captured 70% of global software sales. According to (Software Publishers Association, 1998), the worldwide revenues of business- based PC applications was $17. 2 billion, but global revenue losses due to piracy in the business application software market were reason at $11. 4 billion.This is very similar to the report of (International Research and Planning, 2001)s Business Software coalition (BSA), a watchdog group representing the worlds leading software manufacturers, which announced the results of 19 its one-sixth annual benchmark survey on global software piracy. The independent study highlights the serious invasion of copyright infringement with piracy losses nearing $11. 8 billion worldwide in 2000. date 1 shows an interesting correlation between the national piracy rates compiled by the SPA with the per capita GNP for 65 countries in the year 1997.Higher software piracy rates are heavily skewed towards countries with low per capita GNP. The effect of GNP is much more pronounced for the countries with GNPs less than $6,000, as shown in Figure 2. Each $1,000 increase in per capita GNP is associated with a nearly 6% decrease in the piracy rate. These results indicate a significant income effect on the global piracy rates, particularly in the poorer segments of the world. The different ways of illegally copying computer software can be broken down into five basic ways of pirating. Counterfeiting is duplicating and interchange unauthorized copies of software in such a manner as to try to pass off the illegal copy as if it were a legitimate copy produced by or authorized by the publisher. v Softlifting is the purchasing of a single licensed copy of software and loading it on several machines, contrary to the terms of the license agreement. This includes sharing software with friends and co- workers. v Hard- disk loading is selling computers pre- loaded with illegal software. v Bulletin-board pir acy is putting software on a bulletin- board service for nyone to copy or copying software from a bullet in- board service that is not shareware or freeware. v Software rental is the renting of software for temporary use. An interesting study regarding software piracy in academic environment was conducted at the Faculty of Business at the City University of Hong Kong (Moores & 20 Dhillon, 2000). A total of 243 usable responses were received, of which 122 were female and 121 were male. As shown in Figure 3, 81% of the respondents report they buy pirated software on a regular basis, with a significant minority (29%) buying every month, and 3% even reporting they buy several times a week.The most popular pirated software bought was spreadsheets, followed by computer programing languages, databases, word processors, and statistical packages. Other software mentioned included e- mail, graphics, and game software. Only 7% claim to have never bought pirated software. Illegal Information T he Internet was designed as an inherently insecure communications vehicle. This allowed an moving number of security gaps that led to numerous hacking techniques. Probably the most famous one at this moment is the denial of service attack, that led to the shutdown of many famous Internet sites, including Yahoo , eBay, Amazon, and CNN.Other hacking tactics include spoofing (faking an web page to trick users into giving away critical information), Trojan horses (programs that are planted on users machine without his knowledge), logic bombs (instructions in computer programs that triggers malicious acts), and password crackers. According to Givens (2001), individuality thieves are able to shop online anonymously using the identities of others. Web- based information brokers sell sensitive personal data, including Social Security numbers, relatively cheaply. In December 1999 300,000 credit card numbers were stolen from the online music retailer CD Universe database.Thats way it is co nsidered a federal crime to possess 15 ore more access devices like cellular activation codes, account passwords, and credit card numbers. 21 Beside the theft that these kinds of devices enable, such actions lead to loss of trust from customers to such services that have been the target of hacking. It is also illegal in many states to have pornographic related material on your machine, and in some cases mere self-discipline of child pornography is punishable by many years in jail. As mentioned before, possession or export of certain types of cryptographic techniques is a very serious federal crime.AMA Code of honourables of Marketing on the Internet All professionals find a code of ethics is useful to guide them through the sometimes thorny issues that confront them (Klampert, 1998). Codes of ethics are an organized, written set of rules that describe expected behaviors. There are many such codes in Information Systems (ACM, IEEE, British Computer Society), but none of them has general recognition. Most institutions that provide Internet access have formulated policies and procedures regarding the fair use of their facilities.The most frequent policies are grouped under the following categories a Code for Ethical Computer Use (usually a written policy an institution has developed to describe ethical use of their computer system), an E- mail Privacy Policy, and an Internet Access Policy. One of the most representative such codes for the Internet community is the one that has been obligate by the American Marketing Association for its members. Below there are a few of the most interesting requirements, as they can be found in the latest edition of (AMA, 2001) Code of Ethics for Marketing on the Internet 2 Adherence to all applicable laws and regulations with no use of Internet marketing that would be illegal, if conducted by mail, telephone, fax or other media. Organizational commitment to ethical Internet practices communicated to employees, customers and relevant stakeholders. Information collected from customers should be confidential and used only for expressed purposes. All data, specially confidential customer data, should be safeguarded against unauthorized access. The expressed wishes of others should be respected with regard to the receipt of unsolicited e-mail messages.Information obtained from the Internet sources should be properly authorized and documented. Marketers should treat access to accounts, passwords, and other information as confidential, and only examine or disclose content when authorized by a responsible party. The single of others information systems should be respected with regard to placement of information, advertising or messages. Conclusions This R paper gives a general overview of the most debated ethical issues related to the use of Internet and their implications for managers and business practice.However, there are several other less critical aspects that should be considered by a very thorough re vision and some very interesting papers on these subjects are listed in Appendix C. These aspects include unauthorized use of computer resources at work, accessing individuals private e- mail and telephone conversations and computer records by the companies they work for and other forms of computer monitoring, challenges to 23 work conditions and individuality that are brought about by computer systems, mistaken computer unified of individuals, and many, many more.To protect themselves and the people they work with, information professionals need to be as professional as they can be and, sometimes, must decline a project if clients insist that they do something they have moral objections about. Ethical considerations are inherent for any IT professional. Moral behavior, including acting with integrity, increasing personal competence, setting high standards of personal performance, accepting responsibility for your actions, avoiding computer crime, and increasing the security of com puter systems developed are just a few of many such considerations.Overall, I believe that there is a critical need for heightened debate on professional ethics in Information Systems. 24 Appendix A Figure 1. Per capita GNP and piracy rates. Figure 2. piracy rates and per capita GNP less than $6000 25 Figure 3. frequency of pirated software. 26 Appendix B Cited Works 1. Choi, S. Y. & Whinston, A. B. (2000). The Internet Economy Technology and Practice. Austin, TX SmartEcon Publishing. 2. DAmbrosio, J. (2000,. January). Should Junk E- mail Be Legally Protected? online. obtainable http//www. fmew. com/archive/junk/. October 26, 2001). 3. Davidson, Robert (2000, April). Professional Ethics in Information Systems A Personal Perspective. Communications of the AIS, Vol. 3, Article 8. 4. Elbel, F. (2001, October 23). Junk E- mail and Spam. online. Available http//www. ecofuture. org/jmemail. html. (October 26, 2001). 5. Elderbrock, David and Borwankar, Nitin. (1996). Building Successful Internet Businesses The Essential Sourcebook for Creating Businesses on the Net. Foster City, CA IDG Books Worldwide. 6. Ferrell, O. C. , Leclair, D. T. , & Fraedrich, J. P. (1997, October).Integrity heed A Guide to Managing Legal and Ethical Issues in the Workplace. OCollins Corp. 7. Givens, Beth. (2001, edge). A Review of Current Privacy Issues. online. Available http//www. privacyrights. org/ar/Privacy- IssuesList. htm. (October 26, 2001). 8. Hard- Davis, G. (2001, March). Internet Piracy Exposed. Alameda, CASybex. 27 9. INET Legal Networks (2001). Defamation Law for Internet online. Available http//www. lawforinternet. com/subject_defamation. php3? searchkys=defamation =topdefamation. html. (October 26, 2001). 10.International Data Corporation (1999, February 10). Distribution of Worldwide Software Revenues Vary Dramatically online. Available www. idcresearch. com/Press/default. htm. (October 26, 2001). 11. International Research and Planning. (2001, May). ordinal Annual B SA Global Software Piracy Study. online. Available http//www. bsa. org/resources/200105- 21. 55. pdf. (October 26, 2001). 12. Johnson, Mark B. (2000, January). Software Piracy Stopping It originally It Stops You. Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM SIGUCCS group discussion on User Services. pp. 124- 131. 13. Klampert, Elizabeth (1998, July 13).Business Ethics for Information Professionals. Proceedings of the AALL 1998 Conference on Independent Law Librarian Program, Anaheim, CA. 14. Lehman, B. A. , (1998). The Conference on Fair Use final report to the commissioner on the conclusion of the Conference on Fair Use. Washington, DC Office of Public Affairs U. S. Patent and Trademark Office. 15. Losey, Ralph C. (1995). Practical and Legal Protection of Computer Databases online. Available http//www. eff. org/Intellectual_property/database_protection. paper. (October 25, 2001). 16. Miller, M. J. (2001, February 6).Bushs Privacy Plan. PC Magazine, Vol. 20, No. 3. 28 17. Moores, T & Dhillon, G. (2000, December). Software Piracy A View from Hong Kong. Communication of the ACM, Vol. 28, No. 10, p. 88- 93. 18. OBrien, J. A. (2002). precaution Information Systems Managing Information Technology in the E- Business Enterprise. New York, NY McGraw- Hill. 19. OMahoney, B. (2001). Copyright Website online. Available http//www. benedict. com/digital/digital. asp. (October 26, 2001). 20. Potts, David & Harris, S. (1996, May 16). Defamation on the Internet online. Available http//owl. nglish. purdue. edu/handouts/research/r_apa. html. (October 26, 2001). 21. Resnick, P. & Miller, J. (1996). PICS Internet Access Controls Without Censorship. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 10, pp. 87- 93. 22. Sager, Ira, Hamm, Steve, Gross, Neil, Carey, John and Hoff, Robert. (2000, February 21). Business Week. 23. Smith, Steve. (2001, May). Copyright Implementation Manual online. Available http//www. groton. k12. ct. us/mts/cimhp01. htm. (December 1, 2001). 24. Software Publishers Associati on (1998). SPAs get across on Global Software Piracy online. Available www. pa. org/piracy/98report. htm. (October 26, 2001). 25. Weinberger, J. (1997, March). Rating the Net. Hastings Communications and merriment Law daybook, Vol. 19. 26. Yoches, E. Robert & Levine, Arthur J. (1989, May). Basic principles of copyright protection for computer software. Communications of the ACM Vol. 32 No. 5. pp. 544. 27. Zwass, Vladimir. (1997, Spring). Editorial Introduction. Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 3- 6. 29 Appendix C Bibliography 1. American Marketing Association (2001). skillful Text of the AMA Code of Ethics online.Available http//www. ama. org/about/ama/fulleth. asp. (October 26, 2001). 2. Berman, J. & Weitzner, D. (1995). User Control Renewing the Democratic Heart of the First Amendment in the Age of Interactive Media. Yale Law Journal, Vol. 104, pp. 1619. 3. BRINT Institute. (2001). Intelectual Property Copyright, Trademarks and Patents. online. Av ailable http//www. brint. com/IntellP. htm. (October 26, 2001). 4. British Computer Society. (2000). British Computer Society Code of Practice online. Available http//www. bcs. org. uk/aboutbcs/cop. htm. (November 30, 2001). 5. CETUS. (1995).Fair Use A Statement of Principle online. Available http//www. cetus. org/fair4. html. (December 1, 2001). 6. Cheng, H. K. , Sims, R. R. , and Teegen, H. (1999, Spring). To get or to Private Software An Empirical Study. Journal of Management Information Systems Vol. 13, No. 4, p. 49- 60. 7. Gopal, R. D. , & Sanders, G. L. (1997, Spring). Preventive and hindrance Controls for Software Piracy. Journal of Management Information Systems Vol. 13 No. 4. pp. 29- 47. 30 8. Hinman, Lawrence M. (2001, September 15). Ethic Updates online. Available http//ethics. acusd. edu/index. tml. (October 25, 2001). 9. Jamison, B. , Gold, J. & Jamison, W. (1997). Electronic Selling 23 Steps to ESelling Profits. New York, NY McGraw Hill. 10. Lending, D. & Slaughter, S. A. (2001, April). Research in progress the effects of ethical climate on attitudes and behaviors toward software piracy. Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGCPR multitude on Computer personnel research. p. 198- 200. 11. Limayem, Moez, Khalifa, Mohamed , Chin, Wynne W. (1999, January). Factors Motivating Software Piracy. Proceeding of the 20th international conference on Information Systems, p. 124- 13. 12.Scott, Thomas J. , Kallman, Ernest A. , Lelewer, Debra. (1994 November). Ethical Issues Involving the Internet. Proceedings of the conference on Ethics in the computer age. pp. 31- 32. 13. Thong, J. Y. L. , & Yap, C. S. (1998, Summer). Testing and Ethical DecisionMaking Theory The Case of Softlifting. Journal of Management Information Systems Vo. 15, No. 1. pp. 213- 237. 14. U. S. Department of Energy Computer Incident Advisory Capability Information Bulletin. (1998, March 12). Internet Cookies. online. Available http//ciac. llnl. gov/ciac/bulletins/i- 034. shtml. (October 26, 2001 ). 31